Blockchain is a distributed ledger technology that provides secure and transparent transactions. It is a decentralized system that eliminates the need for intermediaries such as banks, governments, or financial institutions, reducing associated transaction fees and speeding up the process. Blockchain technology has received a lot of attention due to its potential to transform various industries such as finance, healthcare, transportation, and real estate. It is important for mass adoption because it enables trust, accountability, transparency, and security in transactions.

Blockchain Technology

Blockchain technology can help to reduce fraud, limit errors, and prevent data alteration. Additionally, it can provide access to financial services for the unbanked and underbanked populations, revolutionizing the way we deal with money. Hence, the mass adoption of blockchain technology has the potential to transform various industries and enhance global economic development.

2. The Pros and Cons of Blockchain Mass Adoption

One of the significant advantages of the mass adoption of blockchain technology is its potential to revamp various industries. The decentralized nature of blockchain technology makes it possible to eliminate intermediaries, leading to faster transactions, enhanced transparency, and lower operational costs. Blockchain technology can offer increased security and reduce the risk of fraud and cyberattacks. Moreover, it can facilitate secure and fast cross-border payments, enabling businesses to benefit from international transactions without the added costs of intermediary bank fees. Despite these significant benefits, there are also several challenges related to migration to blockchain technology. One significant issue is the lack of regulatory frameworks and standardization, leading to uncertainties and risks for businesses. High energy consumption and scalability problems are also among the drawbacks of blockchain technology that need to be addressed if mass adoption is underway. Therefore, governments, businesses, and technology innovators must work towards standardizing, addressing these issues, and building secure blockchain systems that can be adopted seamlessly across various industries.

3. The Future of Blockchain and its Place in Mass Adoption

The future of blockchain technology holds much promise, and its place in mass adoption is likely to grow in importance in the coming years. One of the key drivers of this growth will be the increasing adoption of decentralized applications (dApps), which allow for the development of trustless applications that can operate in a peer-to-peer network. Other potential applications of blockchain technology that could lead to mass adoption include the use of cryptocurrencies for payment, the use of smart contracts to automate various processes, and the creation of digital identity systems that are resistant to fraud and manipulation.

As more individuals and businesses become familiar with blockchain technology and its benefits, we can expect to see increased investment in its development, continued innovation, and ultimately, widespread adoption across a variety of industries.

4. How Blockchain Can Revolutionize Industries and Foster Mass Adoption

One of the most significant advantages of blockchain technology is its ability to revolutionize industries. Blockchain can cut out intermediaries, reduce transaction fees, increase transparency, and create smarter contracts. This means that blockchain can be applied to any industry that relies on trust, security, and transparency. Some of the most promising industries for blockchain are finance, healthcare, supply chain management, and logistics. By using blockchain, these industries can increase accuracy, enhance security, and reduce costs. Additionally, blockchain technology can foster mass adoption by providing people with greater control over their data, increasing trust in transactions, and enabling more secure and efficient financial systems. As more people begin to recognize the benefits of blockchain, it is expected that its adoption will continue to grow

The rise of Web3 and the cryptocurrency industry has brought with it a proliferation of influencer marketing as a key strategy for attracting new customers. However, as the space matures, there are growing questions about the long-term viability and effectiveness of this approach. Let's explore the current state of influencer marketing in Web3 and consider alternative strategies for reaching both new and existing customers.
The Challenges of Influencer Marketing in Web3
Influencer marketing in Web3 has faced several challenges in recent years. Firstly, the abundance of influencers promoting various crypto projects has led to a sense of oversaturation and fatigue among audiences. Consumers are becoming increasingly skeptical of influencer endorsements, questioning the authenticity and objectivity of these partnerships.
Additionally, the decentralized nature of Web3 has made it difficult to verify the credibility and expertise of many self-proclaimed "crypto influencers." This has led to concerns about the reliability of the information and recommendations being provided to potential investors and users.
Reevaluating the Role of Widely Read Channels
As the industry grapples with the limitations of influencer marketing, there has been a growing recognition of the value of leveraging widely read and respected channels to attract cryptocurrency customers. These could include established financial publications, respected technology blogs, or industry-specific media outlets.
The advantage of these channels is their ability to provide a more objective and authoritative perspective on the evolving cryptocurrency landscape. Readers are often more likely to trust the information and analysis provided by these outlets, as they are perceived to have a deeper understanding of the complexities and nuances of the industry.
Attracting New Customers vs. Serving Existing Ones
The decision to focus on attracting new customers or serving the existing customer base is a critical one for cryptocurrency companies in the current market environment. On the one hand, the industry is still in a relatively early stage, and there is a significant opportunity to onboard new users and drive mainstream adoption.
However, the existing customer base, particularly those who have been early adopters and advocates of the technology, should not be overlooked. These individuals can serve as valuable ambassadors and ambassadors, helping to spread the word about the benefits of cryptocurrency and driving further adoption.
A Balanced Approach: Leveraging Multiple Channels
To navigate the evolving landscape of Web3 marketing, a balanced approach that combines multiple channels and strategies may be the most effective solution. This could include:
Selective and strategic use of influencer marketing, focusing on partnerships with well-respected and credible figures in the industry.Increased investment in educational content and thought leadership pieces distributed through widely read and reputable channels.Strengthening direct engagement and communication with the existing customer base, fostering a sense of community and loyalty.Exploring innovative, Web3-native marketing approaches, such as the use of non-fungible tokens (NFTs) or gamified experiences.
By adopting a multifaceted approach, cryptocurrency companies can effectively reach both new and existing customers, build trust, and drive long-term growth in the rapidly evolving Web3 ecosystem.
Conclusion
The era of influencer marketing in Web3 may be evolving, but the underlying need to attract and retain customers remains crucial. By reevaluating the role of widely read channels, striking a balance between new and existing customers, and employing a diverse set of marketing strategies, cryptocurrency companies can navigate the challenges and capitalize on the opportunities presented by the Web3 landscape.

As blockchain technology advances, the need for interoperability between different networks has become increasingly important. While individual blockchains, such as Layer 1 (L1) networks, provide the foundation for decentralized transactions and security, they often operate in isolation. Layer 2 (L2) solutions have emerged to address scalability issues, but the challenge remains in enabling seamless communication and interaction between these layers and across different networks. This article explores the mechanisms and strategies that facilitate cross-network interactions in blockchain, highlighting how these innovations can foster a more interconnected and efficient ecosystem.
The Need for Cross-Network Interactions
Blockchain networks are inherently designed to operate independently, each with its consensus mechanism, transaction processing, and security protocols. However, as the ecosystem grows, the ability to interact across different networks becomes crucial. Cross-network interactions enable the transfer of assets, information, and liquidity between networks, which is essential for the broader adoption of blockchain technology in various industries, including finance, supply chain, and decentralized finance (DeFi).
Mechanisms Enabling Cross-Network Communication
Cryptographic Digests and State SynchronizationA critical aspect of cross-network interaction is the synchronization of state information between L1 and L2 networks. This is achieved by posting cryptographic digests of various L2 network states onto L1, and vice versa. The L1 state digest is updated on L2 through a special contract, allowing for the verification of transactions across networks. This mechanism ensures that both L1 and L2 networks maintain an accurate and consistent view of each other’s states, enabling trustless interaction.Bridge Smart ContractsBridge smart contracts play a pivotal role in facilitating cross-network transactions. These contracts are deployed on both L1 and L2 networks, acting as intermediaries that verify and process transactions between the networks. When a transaction is initiated on L2, the current L2 miner submits the corresponding L1 state to the bridge contract on L2, which then verifies the transaction’s validity. This process is critical for maintaining the integrity and security of cross-network interactions.Token ID CorrespondenceFor assets to be transferred seamlessly across different networks, there must be a consistent and reliable system for identifying and corresponding token IDs. This is typically managed through a bridge smart contract that registers token ID correspondence when a new token is added. Once established, this correspondence ensures that tokens can be transferred across networks without the risk of duplication or loss.
Benefits of Cross-Network Interactions
Enhanced LiquidityCross-network interactions enable the flow of assets and liquidity between different blockchain networks. This is particularly beneficial in DeFi, where liquidity is essential for the functioning of decentralized exchanges, lending platforms, and other financial services. By allowing assets to move freely between networks, cross-network interactions help to create a more liquid and efficient market.InteroperabilityInteroperability is a key advantage of cross-network interactions. It allows different blockchain networks to work together, each leveraging its strengths while compensating for its weaknesses. This cooperation can lead to the development of more complex and powerful decentralized applications (dApps) that can operate across multiple networks.ScalabilityBy enabling interactions between L1 and L2 networks, blockchain systems can achieve greater scalability. L2 networks can handle high transaction volumes without burdening the L1 network, while still benefiting from the security and consensus mechanisms of L1. This division of labor allows for more efficient and scalable blockchain ecosystems.
Challenges and Considerations
While cross-network interactions offer significant benefits, they also present challenges that must be addressed:
Security RisksEnsuring the security of cross-network transactions is paramount. Any vulnerability in the bridge contracts or synchronization mechanisms could be exploited, leading to potential loss of assets or network disruption.ComplexityThe technical complexity of implementing cross-network interactions can be a barrier to adoption. Developers must ensure that the systems are robust, reliable, and capable of handling the intricacies of cross-network communication.Decentralization Trade-offsThere is a potential trade-off between decentralization and efficiency in cross-network interactions. For example, relying on a single bridge contract or a limited number of validators could introduce centralization risks, which must be carefully managed.
Future Directions
The future of cross-network interactions in blockchain will likely involve the integration of advanced cryptographic techniques, such as zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs), to enhance security and privacy. ZKPs can enable transactions to be verified without revealing sensitive information, which is crucial for maintaining privacy in cross-network interactions. Additionally, ongoing improvements to L1 and L2 protocols will facilitate even more seamless and efficient cross-network communication, paving the way for a truly interconnected blockchain ecosystem.
Conclusion
Cross-network interactions are essential for the future of blockchain technology. By enabling seamless communication between layered networks, these mechanisms unlock new possibilities for interoperability, liquidity, and scalability. As the blockchain ecosystem continues to evolve, the ability to interact across networks will become increasingly important, driving innovation and adoption across industries. Through the continued development of secure and efficient cross-network interaction mechanisms, blockchain technology will move closer to realizing its full potential as a decentralized, interconnected system.

For more information : https://units.network/files/level-2-blockchain-networks-and-extended-consensus.pdf
https://units.network/

As the world continues to navigate the world of blockchain technology, a new outfit is set to revolutionise the decentralised finance, commonly known as DeFi. SEI is the Layer 1 blockchain that runs on the Cosmos SDK and has grand ambitions to become the go-to platform for DeFi use-cases, which is set to redesign the ecosystem through unique solutions and features.
Purpose-Built for DeFi
But at the heart of SEI's proposition, its predominant focus is, and always has been DeFi. Created ground-up for financial applications SEI gives an excess of throughput, low latency, scaling ability that all are crucial in DeFi. By focusing on these crucial factors of performance, SEI takes on the right image to developers and users as being efficient in achieving their goals.
Cosmos SDK Integration: Who Gets a Competitive Advantage
Connecting seamlessly with the other projects within the Cosmos ecosystem through the use of the Cosmos SDK, SEI has the interoperability as an advantage. This means that assets can be easily swapped and also it is possible to create a connection between SEI and other blockchains in the cosmos ecosystem. It also brings out the utilization of a variety of platforms thus improving on enhancing the creation of cross chain DeFi applications through the distinct features of SEI.
Innovative Consensus Mechanism
In terms of technical know-how, consensus engine is the primary feature leveled on SEI, which is totally reliable and crafted carefully under the domain of DeFi. This proposed model will target to develop a perfect balance between security in a consensus protocol, speed of reaching consensus and decentralization of the protocol, which are always a challenge in blockchain consensus protocols. As such, SEI envisions its consensus algorithm that is designed for financial applications will be faster and more suitable than the existing ones used in DeFi services.
Engaging with a Lively Developer Audience
Another important element that turned out to be one of SEI's major advantages is the presence of a rapidly developing community of developers. These hard-working people work towards the enhancement and evolution of the platform daily, always striving to introduce new improvements, to make SEI stand as the innovator within the sphere of DeFi technology.
Modular Architecture: One trait, which has been especially emphasized and nurtured by many companies interested in agile project management, is not only flexibility, but the ability to be adaptable and change quickly in order to suit particular needs of its client.

SEI has been designed based on the highly modular design where developers can easily develop their own modules that help in the implementation of various financial services in the shortest time. This flexibility can be useful for the generation of custom DeFi applications such that it may suit individual sub-segments or specific utilization of the model.
Meeting and Overcoming Obstacles and Learning to Grab Opportunities
Despite these advantages that make SEI a promising Player in DeFi space, there are a number of challenges associated with the Platform. Another one of the key challenges for SEI, which is a rather young company in the market, is the problem of becoming a market leader and achieving high popularity level in the context of the presence of numerous competitors. Further, its integration with Cosmos ecosystem also implies that its growth depends slightly on the Cosmos network.
However, the opportunities that are opened in front of SEI are enormous. As highlighted from the analysis above, the growth of the DeFi market remains a huge opportunity for SEI to establish itself as a choice blockchain for DeFi. In this context, new opportunities for the growth of SEI and the establishment of a strong platform for decentralized finance will open the opportunity to explore cooperation, collaboration, and the expansion of the company and its services to new promising markets.

I like the fact that SEI has risen to be a blockchain powered by Cosmos, specifically in offering solutions for the DeFi market. To foster a novel approach to decentralized lending, borrowing, and other financial services, SEI has been designed from the ground up with user-centric solutions in mind, including integration with the Cosmos SDK as well as its own novel consensus algorithm. Therefore, the application of blockchain space established, it highlights SEI is willing and able to suit the specific and growing needs of DeFi platform, making it as a potential blockchain platform for developers, investors and users to implement the optimized financial applications.

$SEI #SEI #CosmosATOM #Blockchain #Wallet

Last week, FED Chair Jerome Powell's speech at Jackson Hole reverberated throughout the financial world. Powell indicated that the Federal Reserve is ready to adjust its policies in response to the evolving economic situation. This statement was widely interpreted as a signal that interest rate cuts might begin as early as September. But is this truly an opportunity for the markets, or does it foreshadow a new crisis?
Traditionally, interest rate cuts are seen as a stimulus for the markets. Lower rates encourage borrowing, boost consumption, and ultimately support economic growth. However, this time, the situation might be different. As the FED plans to lower historically high interest rates, it does so against the backdrop of a cooling U.S. economy. Rising unemployment rates, which historically signal economic recessions and financial crises, are becoming a concern.
At this juncture, several scenarios are being discussed in the markets. The real crisis could be looming if the FED’s interest rate cuts only provide temporary relief. This situation could present both an opportunity and a significant risk, particularly for the cryptocurrency markets. Trump’s favorable stance towards cryptocurrencies and the upcoming U.S. presidential election could increase volatility for Bitcoin and altcoins.
For investors navigating this uncertain period, several strategies stand out. The first involves monitoring daily average price movements and buying when a product's price rises above its daily average and selling when it falls below. This approach could be effective for minimizing losses amidst market fluctuations. Another strategy is to invest a fixed amount at regular intervals, thereby building a long-term position. This method could be especially prudent for volatile markets like cryptocurrencies.
However, the most crucial approach is to diversify your portfolio based on different risk scenarios and develop a unique investment strategy for each. For example, you could allocate a portion of your portfolio to benefit from the positive effects of interest rate cuts while reserving another part as a safeguard against potential economic crises, financial downturns, or geopolitical risks.
In conclusion, while the FED’s interest rate cuts could present new market opportunities, they also carry significant risks. Investors must carefully reassess their strategies during this uncertain time and be prepared for various scenarios. As always in the markets, profit opportunities are accompanied by the potential for substantial losses.
In this process, making the right decisions and managing risks becomes more critical than ever for investors. Whether to pass through this newly opened door in the markets is entirely up to your strategy. But remember, stepping into the unknown without knowing what lies behind the door can sometimes lead to irreversible consequences.

#BitcoinTherapist
#BinanceEarnProgram
#binance
#FedRateDecisions
#InvestmentAccessibility

The 1971 Nixon Shock and the 1944 Bretton Woods Agreement: Reshaping the Global Economic Landscape
In the realm of international economics and monetary policy, two pivotal events stand out as transformative moments that reshaped the global financial system: the 1944 Bretton Woods Agreement and the 1971 Nixon Shock. These watershed moments in history had far-reaching consequences that continue to influence the world economy today. In this article, we will delve deep into the circumstances surrounding these events, their immediate impacts, and their lasting legacies.
The 1944 Bretton Woods Agreement
A. Historical Context
As World War II drew close, representatives from 44 Allied nations gathered in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, to establish a new international monetary system. The goal was to create a stable economic framework to prevent the economic chaos and currency wars that plagued the interwar period.
B. Key Features of the Bretton Woods System
Fixed Exchange RatesInternational Monetary Fund (IMF)
C. Implications and Challenges
The Bretton Woods system ushered in an era of relative stability and economic growth. However, it also placed significant pressure on the United States to maintain the dollar's value and convertibility to gold. This would eventually lead to tensions and challenges in the global economy.
The 1971 Nixon Shock
A. Background and Causes
By the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Bretton Woods system was under increasing strain. Several factors contributed to this pressure, including:
U.S. Balance of Payments DeficitInflation in the United StatesDeclining U.S. Gold Reserves
B. Nixon's Decision and Announcement
On August 15, 1971, President Richard Nixon made a televised address to the nation, announcing a series of dramatic economic measures:
Suspension of Dollar Convertibility to GoldWage and Price ControlsImport Surcharge
C. Immediate Consequences
The Nixon Shock sent shockwaves through the global economy.
Currency MarketsInternational TradeMonetary Policy
Long-Term Effects and Legacy
A. Shift to Floating Exchange Rates
The end of the Bretton Woods system led to the widespread adoption of floating exchange rates. This new paradigm allowed for greater flexibility in monetary policy but also introduced new challenges in managing currency fluctuations.
B. Evolution of the International Monetary System
Greater Role for Market Forces and the Rise of Financial Globalization
C. Changing Role of Gold
The Nixon Shock marked the end of the gold standard in international monetary affairs. While gold remains an important asset, its role in the global financial system has fundamentally changed.
D. Implications for U.S. Economic Power
The ability to issue the world's primary reserve currency has given the United States significant economic advantages, often referred to as "exorbitant privilege." However, it has also led to persistent trade deficits and debates about the long-term sustainability of this arrangement.
The 1944 Bretton Woods Agreement and the 1971 Nixon Shock represent two of the most significant turning points in modern economic history. These events fundamentally altered the structure of the global financial system, shaping the economic landscape we navigate today. As we continue to face new challenges in the international economy, understanding these pivotal moments provides valuable context for addressing current and future economic issues.
By examining the causes, consequences, and lasting impacts of these historic events, we gain crucial insights into the complex interplay of national interests, economic theories, and global market forces that continue to shape our world. As policymakers and economic leaders grapple with contemporary challenges, the lessons learned from Bretton Woods and the Nixon Shock remain as relevant as ever in our increasingly interconnected global economy.

The crypto community is abuzz with a tantalizing rumor: As noted, it might mean that China is on the process of unblocking Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies by the end of this year. 🤯
If so, that would be quite a revolution, following the similar recent trend in Russia's change of regulation. It would cause quite a shake-up and, possibly, give a hitherto unnoticed population group a shape for proponents of cryptocurrencies and their investors.
But what could force China to start a new chapter in this book and cease maintaining a trade surplus? What is the reason? Is it the gradual awareness of their potential to increase innovation and therefore the economy's growth rate? Or perhaps it is from the need to sustain their standing in the international battle over fintech markets?
Expectation is up to the point of affirmation; before that, it is infinite. Revanching to the Chinese markets could inflate the prices, fund up the investments, and put an imprimatur on the developments.
If true, it will be an enormous step forward for the crypto industry. Policymaking actions continue to pose a major risk after China shut down operations for cryptos in 2021 and conducted what amounted to the murder of the global trading volume and activity rate, making up a third of the global figure. Cautious shifts in this factor would be a turn-on to crypto regulation by China.
Some potential implications:
Institutional and retail adoption of one of the largest economies in the world, China's Liquidity, and the turnover of Assets have also escalated globally.
The hope that CHB/OcboZAR-based cryptocurrencies and exchanges will operate once again is the chance of a different and perhaps improved interaction between China and world cryptocurrencies
Of course, it is still just a rumour at the moment However, there is a good deal of logic in it. We could really only be sure if we could 'get our hands on' some policies being practiced and some statements from the Chinese authorities. Their arguments contain the following key points: Even the type of the particular business is vague, and the details of the particular legal regime remain rather unclear.
For the next few months, a person might wish to focus on official statements, views in the sphere, and comments within the field. Any information in this regard or any denial of such a rumour would be relevant to follow next.
However, the old cliché of let the buyer beware still holds true, so it is advised that everyone should do his or her homework and seek the help of a professional before putting his or her money down.
We can wait for now and see whether this rumor is true or not. If you have any more questions or anything additional, please leave a comment.

The "Crypto Law," for which the Turkish crypto market has been waiting for a long time, came into force on July 2, 2024, as the Law on Amendments to Capital Markets Law No. 7518 dated June 26, 2024 ("Law").

The primary regulations, especially concerning Crypto Asset Service Providers (“KVSP”), are for KVSPs.

It has imposed important obligations and required it to fulfill the obligations it has determined within certain periods of time.

In order for KVHSs to be established in Turkey, to start operations, or for existing KVHSs to continue their activities, it is obligatory to apply to the Capital Markets Board (“CMB”, “Board”) and obtain permission and licenses. However, KVHSs that have completed these processes can use the authority given to them. will be able to continue its activities within the scope of the certificate.

Another important issue determined by the law is that it is mandatory for KVHSs to store the crypto assets of their customers in their own wallets. However, if customers do not prefer to store their crypto assets in their own wallets, the relevant assets can be stored in banks authorized by the CMB and approved by the Banking Regulation and Supervision Board (“BRSA”) or in crypto asset storage institutions authorized by the board. Customer cash must be kept in banks.
was kept.

The law grants the CMB the authority to determine the obligations that must be fulfilled in the regulation of KVHS. Due to the complex technical structure of blockchain technology and crypto assets, CMB will consult the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (“TÜBİTAK”) on technical matters.

After the law came into force, CMB published an important announcement regarding the procedures and principles of KVHS license applications.
TUBITAK, on the other hand, has clearly announced the areas and duties in which it will support the CMB in the relevant processes on its official website.

However, one point that should not be forgotten is that many obligations that must be fulfilled and documents that must be prepared by KVHSs during the relevant process are prepared with the support of lawyers who are familiar with blockchain technology. Although compliance officers play an important role in this process, it is quite possible that various disputes may arise, especially with the unknowns brought about by the law.

IMPORTANT PERIOD AND DATES FOR KVHS'S AS A RESULT OF THE DECISION TO BE MADE
As we mentioned, the Law specifies the obligations of KVHSs within a certain period of time.
It has set various deadlines for its implementation. The law states KVHS here:
➢ Those who operate as crypto asset service providers on the date the law comes into force,
➢ They will decide to liquidate and will not accept new customers during the liquidation process,
➢ Those who want to start their activities after the law comes into force,
➢ Although its head office is abroad and not established in Turkey, it is resident in Turkey.
those who provide services to customers,
It divided it into 3 parts: and stipulated periods along with various obligations accordingly.
Accordingly, KVHSs currently operating in Turkey will enter into force on July 2, 2024.
within 1 (one) month until 2 August 2024, in accordance with the information and documents specified by the CMB.
They must complete their applications.

For KVHSs that will cease their operations in Turkey and decide to liquidate, the CMB has issued a notice that they will take a liquidation decision within 3 (three) months from July 2, 2024, when the Law comes into force, until October 2, 2024, and that they will not accept new customers during the liquidation process. They are required to make a declaration to . The declaration to be made to the CMB must be made within 1 (one) month until August 2, 2024. Those who will be liquidated must also announce this situation on their websites and notify their customers via e-mail, text message, phone call or similar notifications.
They must be notified via communication tools.

Those who want to start new activities after the law comes into force must apply to the CMB within 1 (one) month, until August 2, 2024, before starting their activities, and declare that they will make the necessary applications to obtain an operating permit by meeting the conditions stipulated in the secondary regulations.
For KVHSs that are headquartered abroad and provide services to Turkish customers even though they are not established in Turkey, it is mandatory to carry out activities for persons resident in Turkey or to carry out activities to be carried out by the Board.
It has been specifically stated that providing any prohibited activity regarding crypto assets within the scope of the regulations to persons resident in Turkey will also be considered as unauthorized crypto asset service provider. Abroad
In case of opening a business in Turkey by resident platforms, creating a Turkish website, or carrying out promotional and marketing activities directly and/or through persons or institutions resident in Turkey regarding the crypto asset services offered, the activities will be carried out in Turkey.
It will be assumed that it is intended for residents. For this reason, KVHSs located abroad must terminate their activities by 2 (two) October 2024 at the latest.

• Although it is not widely used in Turkey, crypto asset ATMs and transaction devices in Turkey must be removed by October 2, 2024.

4. KVHS CMB LICENSE PROCESS
In the text (ANNEX-1) titled "Announcement Concerning Crypto Asset Service Providers" published by the CMB, which is authorized by the CMB to take various measures during the licensing process for KVSPs and after the process, the information and documents that KVSPs must provide during the application process to the CMB are stated. Application documents and information form are shared in the attachment of the relevant announcement. These documents, secondary regulations, and information and documents that are likely to be requested from KVHS will be listed in this section.

It is important to note that the definition of KVHS in the Law can cover not only crypto asset exchanges but also businesses that carry out Inital Coin Offering (ICO) and Inital Dex Offering (IDO) in a very wide scope. It is unclear whether this scope will be narrowed in future regulations. However, it is thought that it would be beneficial for these businesses to take the necessary precautions at the first stage.

4.1. General Information and Documents
- Information and Documents Regarding Partners and Senior Management: Criminal record documents to be obtained within the last 6 months for senior managers, main shareholders, CEO and board members, for Turkish citizens
The identity card sample, passport sample for foreigners, diploma samples and CV, as well as the letter from SDIF will need to be transferred to the CMB.

- Business Plan and Strategy: CMB requests KVHSs to declare the business plan and strategy that it is currently carrying out and will continue to work on after the Law. This
This section is of critical importance, especially in terms of application. The reason is that since the scope of the business plan and strategy can be quite variable, the features of blockchain technology and crypto assets
It is important to accurately determine how it is used in the relevant KVHS and to report accordingly. Important points that we think should be included in the business plan is as follows:

o Company Information: Company's trade name, establishment date and trade registry number, Introduction of the management team and key personnel, Company's partnership structure and shareholders
o Market Analysis: Definition of the target market, Competition analysis, Customer segments and demographic information
o Products and Services: Promotion of the products and services offered (especially for crypto asset exchanges
Types of tokens listed and brief description), Product/service development process, Benefits of the product/service to customers, Future product and service plans (Token types planned to be listed)
o Revenue Sources and Business Model: Business model description, Revenue sources and pricing strategy,
Sales and distribution channels, Customer acquisition and retention strategies
o Marketing and Sales Strategy: Marketing plan and communication strategies, Advertising, promotion and public relations activities, Digital marketing and social media strategies
o Operational Plan: Operational structure, Technology and information systems infrastructure (Detailed explanation of the wallet technology or technologies in which crypto assets are stored, Detailed explanations of the processing of transactions into the blockchain system.
o Financial Plans and Projections: Current financial situation and past financial performance, Income statement, cash flow statement and balance sheet projections, Profit and loss projections, Financing needs and sources, Investment plans, Financial audit report to be obtained from independent institutions.
o Risk Analysis and Management: Business risks and precautions to be taken against these risks, Financial risks and management strategies.
o Legal and Regulatory Compliance: Compliance strategies, licenses and permits with CMB, MASAK, BRSA and other relevant regulatory bodies (licenses and permits obtained here if there are subsidiaries in Europe)

Additional Information that is Useful to Provide: References, Past experiences and achievements of the team, Important business partnerships and collaborations.

4.2. General Compliance Policies to be Prepared and Submitted
Apart from the areas where KVHSs need to apply compliance policies in general, they also need to apply various compliance policies specifically for blockchain technology and listed crypto assets. Below is this harmony
We include these policies by taking into account possible regulations that may occur in the future.
4.2.1. General Compliance Policies
General Principles: Commitment to Legal Compliance, Determination of Effective Standards
AML / CFT Policies: Know Your Customer (KYC) Procedures, Suspicious Transaction Reporting, Combating Money Laundering and Terrorism Financing
Data Protection and Privacy Policies: Implementation of data protection policies in accordance with the legislation on the protection of personal data, especially the Personal Data Protection Law, confidentiality agreements with employees, business partners and third parties.
Risk Management Processes: Risk Assessment: Determination and evaluation of all risks that the company may encounter, Risk Mitigation Strategies
Audit and Internal Control Systems: Regular control of all processes of the company by internal audit teams, and audit of the company's financial and operational processes by independent audit firms.
Compliance Processes Regarding Information Technologies: Information Security Policy, Backup and Emergency Recovery Policy, Network Security Policies, Device and Hardware Management Policies, Software Management Policy, Evaluation of third party crypto storage platform (if any), Third Party Agreements, Emergency Response to Cyber Attacks Policy.
! Important Note: Audit report received from independent organizations regarding the information systems owned by KVHS

4.2.2. Compliance Processes Based on Blockchain Technology
Preparation of policies regarding wallet technologies (hot wallet, cold wallet or both) where customer crypto assets are stored, providing explanations as to whether services are received from another platform for storing crypto assets, reporting of listed crypto assets and classes (will be required later for TÜBİTAK approval) , It is necessary to prepare reports that include explanations of the processes regarding the processing of transactions made in the KVHS to the blockchain system, policies regarding the purchase and sale orders of crypto assets in the KVHS, and explanations on the processes carried out regarding customer cash.

5. MINIMUM AMOUNT OF CAPITAL REQUIRED FOR KVHSs TO START OPERATIONS
Although the amount of capital required for KVHSs to start their operations was not specified in the primary regulations, in practice before the Law, KVHSs started with a minimum capital of 20 Million Turkish Liras, but in the post-Law period, with current inflation rates, this value will be reduced to a minimum capital of 200 Million Turkish Liras. We anticipate that payment will need to be made in cash.

6. MEASURES TO BE TAKEN BY EXCHANGES LOCATED ABROAD
KVHSs, which are headquartered outside Turkey and do not have any official establishment in Turkey, can open a business in Turkey, create a Turkish website, and engage in promotional and marketing activities directly or through persons or institutions resident in Turkey regarding the crypto asset services offered. It should not be forgotten that in case of any of the following situations, the activities will be considered to be aimed at persons residing in Turkey and carrying out these activities without a license will face sanctions. For this reason, it would be beneficial for KVHSs that do not intend to operate in Turkey to have geographical limitations.

7. EXPECTATIONS FROM FUTURE REGULATIONS
With the law, the primary regulations largely focused on the regulation of KVHSs, and as a precaution, the regulation of KVHSs was
defined in a broad framework. With future regulations, we expect the minimum capital amount and crypto asset classes to be clearly regulated through secondary legislation. In particular, the status of qualified intellectual property rights (non-fungible tokens, “NFT”) remains unclear. Many KVHS abroad have an NFT market
We know that there is, but since the status of NFTs is not currently clear in our country, this practice cannot be realized. We think that this situation will be eliminated with the definitions to be made in future regulations.
In addition, it is expected that legal regulations for the separate taxation of crypto assets and transactions carried out with crypto assets will be introduced through a "tax package".

It is understood from the developments reflected in the press and backstage information that the transaction tax for crypto assets is between one in ten thousand (0.01%) and three in ten thousand (0.03%). It is expected that the "judicial package", which will include the regulation regarding the transaction tax, will be submitted to the Parliament by the last week of July.

Announcement on Crypto Asset Service Providers
July 02, 2024
As it is known, the "Law Amending the Capital Markets Law" numbered 7518 was published in the Official Gazette dated 02.07.2024 and numbered 32590 and entered into force. With the aforementioned regulation, crypto asset service providers operating or to operate in our country have been taken under the authority of the regulation and supervision of our Board within the scope of the Capital Markets Law No. 6362 (Law).
Within the scope of this regulation, all kinds of environments where one or more of the activities of trading, clearing, transfer and custody services required by crypto assets and the storage and management of crypto assets or private keys that provide the right to transfer from the wallet related to these assets are carried out as a regular occupation, commercial or professional activity fall within the scope of this Law, and action will be taken against those who do not fulfill the obligations specified in the Law in accordance with Articles 99/A and 109/A of the Law.
In the first paragraph of the Provisional Article 11 added to the Law No. 6362 with the Regulation "Those operating as crypto asset service providers on the date of entry into force of the Law enacting this article are obliged to apply to the Board with the documents to be determined by the Board within one month as of the effective date and submit a declaration that they will make the necessary applications to obtain an operating license by meeting the conditions to be stipulated in the secondary regulations to be issued pursuant to the provisions of Articles 35/B and 35/C of the Law or that they will take a liquidation decision within three months without damaging customer rights and interests and that they will not accept new customers during the liquidation process. Those who wish to commence operations after the enforcement of the Law enacting this Article shall apply to the Board before commencing their operations and declare that they will make the necessary applications to obtain an operating license by meeting the conditions to be stipulated in the secondary regulations. The applications made to the Board within the scope of this paragraph shall be announced on the Board's website. Institutions to be liquidated shall announce this situation on their websites and shall also notify their customers via electronic mail, text message, telephone and similar communication tools."
In this framework; those who are carrying out crypto asset service provider activities as of 02.07.2024 and intend to continue to do so, are obliged to submit their declarations in writing to the Board in accordance with the first paragraph of the Provisional Article 11 together with the information, documents and explanations in Annex/1 and Annex/2 until 02.08.2024.
As of 02.07.2024, those who have been operating as crypto asset service providers and will take a liquidation decision since they do not have the will to continue this activity, are required to submit to our Board in writing until 02.08.2024, their declarations that they will take a liquidation decision and that they will not accept new customers during the liquidation process, together with the form in Annex/2 and their explanations on how they will carry out the liquidation process. In this context, institutions that will be required to take a liquidation decision until 02.10.2024 pursuant to the Law shall, without prejudice to the relevant provisions of the Turkish Commercial Code No. 6102, announce this situation on their websites and notify their customers via electronic mail, text message, telephone and similar communication tools. The responsibility for the proper communication of the notifications to the customers belongs to the institutions to be liquidated.

Organizations wishing to commence operations after the date of entry into force of the law but before the secondary regulations to be issued by the board enter into force, shall submit their declarations in accordance with the first paragraph of Provisional Article 11 together with the information, documents, and explanations in Annex 1 and Annex 2 before commencing their operations.
They are obliged to submit their applications to the Board in writing.

The applications made to the Board will be announced in two separate lists under the "Institutions/Crypto Asset Service Providers" tab on the Board's website, namely the "List of Operators" and the "List of Liquidation Declarants", and the updated lists will be available at htps://spk.gov.tr/kurumlar/kripto-varlik-hizmet-saglayicilar
It will be possible to access at the following address: Incomplete or insufficient applications will not be included in the "List of Operators".

After the secondary regulations to be issued by the Board pursuant to the Law enter into force, any organization not included in this list will not be able to carry out activities without the permission of the Board. The institutions included in this list will continue their activities, but will also apply for an operating permit in accordance with the conditions to be specified in the secondary regulations.
Those that have not applied to the Board in the above-mentioned procedure and by the specified date may be subject to the provisions of Articles 99/A and 109/A of the Law.
It should be reminded that the failure of these institutions to fulfill the transfer requests of customers who have accounts in institutions that prefer to go into liquidation or do not apply to the Board within the specified period will constitute the crime of unauthorized crypto asset service provider activity within the scope of Article 109/A, and these persons may be sentenced to imprisonment from three years to five years and a judicial fine from five thousand days to ten thousand days.

The first paragraph of Article 99/A of the Law stipulates that "Engaging in activities for residents in Turkey by platforms residing abroad or providing a prohibited activity related to crypto assets to residents in Turkey within the scope of the regulations to be made by the Board shall also be deemed as unauthorized crypto asset service provision.
In the event of any of the following situations: opening a workplace in Turkey, creating a Turkish website, engaging in promotional and marketing activities directly and/or through persons or institutions resident in Turkey regarding the crypto asset services offered by platforms located abroad, the activities are deemed to be directed to residents in Turkey. The activities are deemed to be directed to persons resident in Turkey
Additional criteria regarding the determination of whether the transaction is intended for the purpose of the Board may be determined by the Board." In this framework, non-resident crypto asset service providers are required to terminate their activities for Turkish residents until 02.10.2024 at the latest, as specified in the first paragraph of Article 99/A of the Law.
must. After this date, the provisions of Articles 99/A and 109/A of the Law will apply to those who continue to carry out activities for Turkish residents as specified.

The activities of ATMs and similar electronic transaction devices located in Turkey that allow customers to convert crypto assets into cash or cash into crypto assets and to transfer crypto assets must be terminated until 02.10.2024 at the latest. Those who continue to operate after this date and
The provisions of Articles 99/A and 109/A of the Law shall apply to those who enable this.

ANNEX 2
DOCUMENTS THAT CRYPTO ASSET SERVICE PROVIDERS SHOULD SUBMIT WITH THEIR APPLICATION TO THE BOARD
1) The decision of the authorized body regarding the declaration that the crypto asset service provider will continue to operate in accordance with Provisional Article 11 of the Law,
2) Regarding shareholders and members of the board of directors, general manager and assistant general managers;
a. Criminal record certificate taken within the last 6 months,
b. Identity card sample (Turkish citizens) / passport sample (Foreigners),
c. Diploma sample and curriculum vitae,
3) The company;
a. The information systems infrastructure it uses,
b. Processes and tools for the protection of customer assets,
c. Processes related to the processing of transactions into the blockchain system,
d. Integrations with other internal and external systems (AML/CFT systems, reporting to public authorities, etc.),
e. Operation and reporting processes and
f. Documents related to explanations on the functioning of risk management processes,
4) Including the following issues regarding the Company's custody infrastructure;
a. The functioning of the custody system for crypto assets and clients' cash assets,
b. Whether services are obtained from outside the Company for the custody of crypto assets,
c. Explanations and related documents on which wallet technologies are used to store crypto assets,
5) Organization chart.

Introduction
The Turkish Parliament's Budget Commission recently approved a comprehensive bill regulating the cryptocurrency sector. This legislative move marks a significant step in Turkey’s effort to align its crypto regulations with global standards and practices. The bill encompasses a wide range of provisions designed to protect consumers, ensure the financial system's integrity, and curb illegal activities within the crypto market.
Consumer Protection and Market Integrity
The primary focus of the bill is consumer protection. It introduces strict regulations for crypto service providers to ensure they implement robust risk management and consumer protection mechanisms. This includes mandatory measures for safeguarding customer funds and transparent reporting practices. The bill also seeks to prevent fraudulent activities by imposing severe penalties for unauthorized operations, thus aiming to build a safer and more reliable crypto environment for Turkish citizens.
Penalties and Enforcement
The legislation outlines stringent penalties for violations, including hefty fines and imprisonment for unauthorized operators. For instance, individuals or entities engaging in crypto-related activities without proper authorization may face substantial financial penalties and prison sentences. These punitive measures are intended to deter illegal operations and ensure compliance with the new regulatory framework.
Regulation of Service Providers
The bill also sets detailed guidelines for crypto service providers. These guidelines require providers to establish comprehensive risk management protocols, conduct thorough customer due diligence, and maintain high standards of operational transparency. By enforcing these regulations, the government aims to enhance the overall stability and security of the crypto market.
Anti-Embezzlement Measures
To combat embezzlement and misuse of funds, the bill includes specific provisions targeting service providers who fail to protect entrusted funds adequately. It stipulates severe administrative penalties for such offenses, including the revocation of operating licenses and significant financial sanctions. Additionally, the bill outlines precise investigative procedures for dealing with cases of financial misconduct within the crypto sector.
Conclusion
Turkey’s new cryptocurrency regulation bill represents a decisive move towards creating a safer and more regulated crypto market. By adopting a comprehensive approach that includes consumer protection, strict penalties for violations, and detailed guidelines for service providers, the bill aims to foster a more secure and transparent crypto ecosystem in Turkey. This legislative development is expected to boost investor confidence and contribute to the country's sustainable growth in the crypto industry.

Discover why Donald Trump’s potential re-election in the November 2024 elections is causing excitement in the cryptocurrency community. Explore the reasons behind this enthusiasm and its implications for the crypto market.
The Excitement Around Donald Trump’s Potential Re-election in the Cryptocurrency Community
Donald Trump’s potential re-election in the November 2024 elections has generated significant excitement within the cryptocurrency community. This enthusiasm is driven by several factors, including his past statements on financial innovation, deregulation, and economic policies that could positively impact the crypto market. Let’s explore the reasons behind this excitement and what it could mean for the future of cryptocurrencies.
Trump’s Historical Stance on Cryptocurrencies
Trump’s Financial Deregulation Approach

During his first term, Donald Trump strongly preferred deregulation across various industries. The cryptocurrency community, which thrives on minimal regulatory interference, views Trump’s potential return to the presidency as a chance to further loosen regulatory constraints that have sometimes stifled innovation and adoption within the crypto space.
Economic Policies Favoring Innovation
Pro-Business and Pro-Innovation Policies
Trump’s administration was known for its pro-business stance, advocating for policies that fostered innovation and economic growth. His support for lowering corporate taxes and reducing bureaucratic red tape was well-received by the business community. The cryptocurrency sector, being at the forefront of technological innovation, stands to benefit from policies that encourage investment and development in new technologies.
Potential for Crypto-Friendly Regulations
Balancing Regulation and Growth
While Trump has expressed skepticism about cryptocurrencies in the past, he also recognizes the need to balance regulation with growth. The hope within the crypto community is that a Trump administration would favor regulations that protect investors without stifling innovation. This balance is crucial for the sustainable growth of the cryptocurrency market.

Market Stability and Economic Policies
Impact on Market Sentiment
Financial markets often react positively to political stability and pro-business policies. The potential re-election of Trump could bring a sense of predictability and stability, which is beneficial for all markets, including cryptocurrencies. Investors are likely to feel more confident in a stable regulatory environment, potentially leading to increased investment in crypto assets.
Strengthening the U.S. Dollar and Its Implications for Crypto
U.S. Dollar and Bitcoin Correlation
Trump’s policies have historically aimed at strengthening the U.S. dollar through economic growth and trade policies. A strong dollar could have mixed effects on cryptocurrencies. While a robust dollar might reduce the appeal of Bitcoin as a hedge against fiat currency devaluation, the overall economic growth and increased investor confidence could still drive demand for cryptocurrencies as alternative investment vehicles.
Public Statements and Community Perception
Influence of Public Statements on Market Sentiment
Public statements from influential figures like Trump can significantly impact market sentiment. Even if Trump has had a critical stance on Bitcoin in the past, any shift towards a more favorable view could have a substantial positive effect on the market. The cryptocurrency community closely watches such statements, and any indication of support could lead to a surge in market activity.
Geopolitical Implications and Crypto Adoption
Global Influence on Crypto Adoption
Trump’s approach to international relations and trade could indirectly influence the adoption of cryptocurrencies. For instance, his stance on decentralization and economic autonomy could resonate with the ethos of the cryptocurrency movement, which values decentralized financial systems free from centralized control. This could encourage broader adoption and integration of cryptocurrencies globally.
Technological Advancements and Innovation
Encouraging Technological Progress
Trump’s emphasis on making America a leader in technological innovation aligns with the goals of the cryptocurrency community. Policies that support technological advancements, such as blockchain technology, artificial intelligence, and fintech, could accelerate the development and adoption of cryptocurrencies.
Community’s Expectations and Aspirations
Optimism and Anticipation
The excitement in the cryptocurrency community stems from the anticipation of favorable conditions for growth and innovation. Community members hope that Trump’s potential re-election could bring about a more conducive environment for the cryptocurrency market, fostering innovation, investment, and broader acceptance.
Conclusion
Donald Trump’s potential re-election in the November 2024 elections has stirred considerable excitement within the cryptocurrency community. His historical stance on deregulation, pro-business policies, and the potential for crypto-friendly regulations fueled this enthusiasm. While the future is uncertain, the anticipation of a more favorable environment for cryptocurrencies under Trump’s leadership is a key reason for the current excitement. As the elections approach, the crypto community will be closely watching for any signals that could further influence market dynamics and the broader adoption of digital currencies.
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Introduction
The Olympic Games have seen many past editions remembered as a place of unification, sportsmanship, and the pursuit of excellence. Like we are heading to the era of digitization, the mix of modern and futuristic technologies like blockchain allows us to remain true to Olympic ideals and stay with advancements. This paper discusses blockchain approaches for expanding transparency, integrity and broadening of participation in the Olympic world.
Preserving the Olympic Values
The Olympic principles of excellence, fellowship, and respect are absolutely emphasized in the rich tradition of the Olympics. Blockchain technology, thanks to its decentralized features and immutability, can become a tool in addition to the human values for just mechanism by ensuring equitableness, responsibility, and trust. [1]
Transparency and Anti-Doping Efforts
The highly visible and large number of participants in the Olympic Games pose a serious challenge, not to mention the issue of doping. By means of Blockchain, it is possible medical data, doping test results and competitive records of athletes will be found in a secure copy which also cannot be changed. This may ensure the genuineness of the anti-doping initiatives and strengthen the spirit of fair play. Use our artificial intelligence to write for you for free as a student or get better grades. Our system is free to use and produces original, high-quality content that can fool even the most discerning reader. GPT-3 (Generatively Pretrained Transformer 3) is a cutting-edge language model that takes
Secure Voting and Decision-Making
The decentralized voting mechanism of blockchain can be applied to various decisions, like voting within the governing bodies of the Olympics. This contributes to more openness and a responsible decision-making process in city selection, rule adjustments, and other pivotal decisions within which a wide range of fans and other stakeholders share their opinions. [3]
Enhancing the Olympic Experience
Blockchain could serve not only to retain the same spirit of the Olympic Games but also to create an even more interesting and comfortable atmosphere for athletes, viewers, and organizers.

Digital Ticketing and Merchandise
To make ticketing and merchandise distribution more guaranteed, blockchain-based digital ticketing and merchandising can be introduced to facilitate the verification procedure and cut down on the risk of fake tickets and scalping. As a result, it will also be possible to achieve a much more crowded and advantageous experience for fans, accompanied by their permanent revenue obtained by organizers. [4]
Athlete Engagement and Rewards
Blockchain technology will be helpful in building a fan-athlete communication platform that will, in return, give out rewards and incentives or two-way support without an intermediary. This can aid in a stronger relationship between athletes and their fans that is consistent with the Olympic ethos of `friendship and respect'. [5]

Conclusion
It represents a groundbreaking innovation for the Olympic Games, as it plays a role in preserving the Olympic premise and embracing what is new. The utilization of blockchain technology for its inherent features of transparency, security, and decentralization of the Olympic movement becomes possible, and thus it turns out to be an opportunity to be used in the reinforcement of the former's values, the area of the overall experience, and the way that leads to a trustworthy and inclusive future. In an ever-changing world, the Olympic Games can play the role of a lighthouse, which shines a light on the merit of tradition and the path of progression, a torch that ignites the fire of younger souls.
#blockchain #bitcoin #olympic #games #DeFi

APPLICATION OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN AND ITS IMPACT ON COSTS, WITH EXAMPLES FROM THE FOOD AND BEVERAGE SECTOR
ABSTRACT
Rapid technological advancements have raised expectations for a more efficient supply chain structure. The application of blockchain technology in the supply chain is thought to meet these expectations. By applying blockchain technology to the supply chain, this study will demonstrate what benefits can be obtained and how it impacts costs. In this context, the effect of blockchain technology on costs within the supply chain has been studied through a literature review. The study has found that blockchain technology will provide a cost-effective and efficient structure to the supply chain.
Keywords: Supply Chain, Blockchain Technology, and Its Cost Impact, Integration of Blockchain Technology by Organizations and Companies in Food and Beverage Groups, Examples.

1. INTRODUCTION
Effective logistics is among the key goals in supply chain management, focusing on acquiring products in the right condition, on time, and at the lowest possible cost. Reliable information about the product is also crucial for the end user. However, achieving these goals efficiently is increasingly challenging for supply chain members. Globalization, growing international competition, and increasing use of outsourcing are expanding the number of members in the supply chain daily (Kshetri, 2018:81).
Initially finding application in the finance sector, blockchain technology is expected to provide significant solutions in various fields. Transactions with this technology do not require a third party. As each transaction occurs, it is encrypted by the supply chain member performing the transaction. Each block is linked to the blocks before and after it and cannot be altered or deleted by any single chain member. Blockchain technology allows transactions to be tied to conditions and performed automatically (Wang et al., 2019:222).
With the application of blockchain technology in the supply chain, every stage of a product, from manufacturing to sales, can be documented and verified, creating a permanent product history. This grants an autonomous structure to the supply chain and minimizes human errors. Thus, it is believed that blockchain technology can provide a reliable, sustainable, and cost-effective structure to the supply chain.
The goal of this study is to elucidate what gains will be obtained from the implementation of blockchain technology in the supply chain in the future, and how it will affect costs. Initially, information about blockchain technology is provided. Then, the application of blockchain technology in the supply chain has been examined through academic sources and reliable internet sources. The content reviews examples of the application of blockchain technology in the supply chain and its impact on costs, along with a literature review.
This study's comprehensive literature review is unique in this field. Additionally, because the topic is new, the study has not been limited to academic sources but also includes current developments from reliable internet sources. Thus, this work is expected to contribute to both the academic literature and relevant institutions and organizations.

2. APPLICATION OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN
Traditional supply chains currently have structural issues. Supply chain members primarily focus on their internal flows. Moreover, complex integration and information processes occur at each stage of the chain. All these factors, along with the inherently difficult-to-control nature of traditional supply chains, create challenges for supply chain members in terms of time, company efficiency, and costs (Usta & Doğantekin, 2017:74). The implementation of blockchain technology in the supply chain is expected to solve these issues and achieve effective supply chain transparency, trust, security, recyclability, cost, demand flexibility, speed, and quality goals.
Blockchain technology records and documents every process from the manufacturing to the sale of a product in the supply chain. This transparency offers clarity to supply chain members. For each transaction from manufacturing to distribution and sale, a block can be created. This level of transparency and visibility enhances the traceability of products, ensuring their authenticity and legitimacy (Wang et al., 2019:223). Real-time monitoring can be integrated with systems using global positioning systems (GPS) and radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags (Abeyratne & Monfared, 2016:9). All data recorded in a blockchain is distributed among all network members, unlike traditional methods that use third parties, making transaction and activity records accessible to all members. Every participant can monitor the progress and location of products and share the same information within the system (Kim & Laskowski, 2016:19).
The enhanced visibility provided by blockchain technology (BZT) allows for auditable tracking of every stage a product goes through. This is particularly crucial for industries where proving product details is essential. This feature can also increase consumers' trust in sellers (Loop, 2017). The transparency achieved by blockchains is also vital in building trust in the supply chain. In the current system, supply chain members (like vendors and buyers) often rely on intermediaries such as banks and various certified documents to establish trust. BZT eliminates the need for such intermediaries (Wang et al., 2019:223).

Additionally, BZT plays a significant role in recovering stolen goods and avoiding fraudulent transactions (Apte & Petrovsky, 2016:77). The enhanced security system provided by BZT against fraud and cybercrime is another reason why this technology is being adopted in supply chains (Burnson, 2017:11). Once information is stored in BZT, it cannot be altered once added to the linear chain. This feature arises from the technology's distributed ledger characteristic, where only one verified version of the data is stored across all network members (Kim & Laskowski, 2016:19).
The tracking of all products with blockchain facilitates the transition from a linear to a circular economy. In the linear economy, the stages include taking raw materials from nature, processing them into products, and ultimately disposing of them. However, with blockchain technology, it is thought that transitioning to a circular economy, which includes using, making, and recycling stages, will be easier. These stages are interconnected and continuous. A product is used, recycled, remade, and reused, and this cycle perpetually continues. BZT greatly simplifies tracking in the circular economy because all products can be monitored at every stage with blockchain technology. The more the recycling system is utilized, the greater the cost benefits can be (Vara et al., 2018:396).
Traditional supply chains face significant challenges due to the complexity involved in managing inventory through various storage and production cycles until delivery to the final consumption point. Typically, multiple companies interact and trade within a supply chain on a global scale, making inventory management costly in terms of operations and failure detection due to this complexity (Wüst & Gervais, 2018:47).
Several companies (such as Skuchain, Provenance, Walmart, and Everledger) are implementing and promoting blockchain-based solutions to enhance the efficiency of supply chain management. Some of these companies also claim that BZT has helped improve demand-side developments. Businesses are expected to benefit from greater flexibility in interacting with different markets and balancing price risks.
Companies decide which products to release at which times and can directly meet customer demand. Due to these features, the supply chain with implemented BZT is also referred to as a demand chain (Wüst & Gervais, 2018:48). In the demand chain, the customer's interest is at the center. The demand chain's characteristics include low costs, fulfilling customer services, and faster market entry. It enables all stakeholders and consumers to see in real time what they want and what they buy, allowing this high flexibility. Therefore, all parties in the demand chain must be tightly connected within a network. Unlike supply chains that optimize flow based on incomplete and incorrect market assessments, the demand chain provides companies with complete and accurate information, enabling them to proactively choose optimal production decisions.
Therefore, the information flow in the demand chain is based on the pull rather than push. Stakeholders do not need to wait for a notification. Thus, stakeholders can actively query the chain management status (Wüst & Gervais, 2018:48).

3. THE IMPACT OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY APPLICATION IN THE SUPPLY CHAIN ON COSTS
The traditional supply chain's structural problems negatively affect the efficiency and costs of chain members. Despite advancements in information technology, the supply chain has been unable to overcome these issues, leading to high costs for companies. BZT considered a new information technology emerging recently and continuously evolving, is expected to overcome many of the structural problems of the supply chain and provide significant cost advantages to companies.
One of the main gains provided by BZT to the supply chain is accelerating the data flow between parties (Bedell, 2016; MH&L, 2016). Therefore, BZT can reduce the time products spend in the shipping process and improve inventory management. This increases efficiency, prevents waste, and reduces costs (Wang et al., 2019:223).
Another cost advantage provided by BZT is savings in audits. Transactions in the supply chain are audited automatically by recognized network participants within the blockchain network. Thus, less need for supply chain members' auditing reduces labor costs (Gupta, 2017:6).
In the supply chain with BZT, intermediaries are also eliminated. Supply chain members can mutually access the same records, allowing them to verify transactions, identities, or ownership without the need for third-party intermediaries. Transactions are timestamped and can be verified almost in real time (Gupta, 2017:11). This also prevents significant transaction and commission costs and saves time. Time savings in the supply chain is also a significant cost-reducing factor.
The high-speed and comprehensive information obtained through smart contracts are expected to provide significant cost advantages for supply chain members. The digitization of document transfers and the acceleration of data flow, especially in the context of cross-border operations, also yield efficiency and cost advantages (Barnard, 2017). For example, Maersk, in 2014, identified that shipments of refrigerated goods from East Africa to Europe could involve interactions with approximately 30 people and organizations. For this operation, the company had to interact and communicate with over 200 entities. Such a high number of interactions can lead to a process that is prone to errors, causes delays, necessitates the duplication of information and documents, and is lengthy (IBM, 2017). To solve this issue, Maersk and IBM developed a cross-border blockchain-based solution aimed at improving the workflow and real-time visibility of each shipment. The system facilitates a highly secure exchange of information among trading partners (Barnard, 2017). The planned solution for shippers helps reduce commercial document and transaction costs and eliminates delays associated with physical document circulation errors. The system also provides visibility and traceability for advancing shipping containers in the supply chain. It aims to provide real-time visibility for customs authorities. BZT's accelerated tracking system can reduce the tracking time of a shipment from days to minutes (Bedell, 2016; Kharif, 2016).

A report by Greenwich Associates in 2016 titled "Blockchain Adoption in Capital Markets" quantified the benefits of BZT. According to the report, operational costs with BZT are reduced by 73%, risks by 57%, revenue opportunities increase by 51%, and capital costs decrease by 46% (Niranjanamurthy et al., 2018:12).

4. INTEGRATION OF BLOCKCHAIN TECHNOLOGY IN FOOD AND BEVERAGE GROUPS – CASE STUDIES AND EXAMPLES
In the European Union, setting up tracking systems for food supply chains has become mandatory with the General Food Laws, even if a tracking system is not in place, transparency is required (Wognum et al., 2011:65). The Internet of Things and blockchain technologies facilitate automatic transactions in activities, providing instant access to data in a secure environment, offering significant advantages to businesses and consumers. While interactions between businesses and with customers in traditional supply chains were conducted through direct discussions, the digitalization of supply chains and the use of technologies like blockchain allow these interactions to occur instantly over a common network. Thus, other businesses and consumers interested in learning about products or businesses can access a wealth of information at any time. The information sought is not only the current data of the product or business. For example, a business can access all information shared by a related business from the production stage to the current status of the product it has purchased or intends to purchase. This situation varies according to the transparency preferences of the businesses. The transparency levels chosen by businesses significantly affect their relationships with other businesses and consumers, depending on the technologies they use.
Good management of supply chains is crucial in sectors like the food and beverage industry. Factors such as globalization, increasing competition, expanding cities, and growing populations make food and beverage production and supply vitally important for human life. This importance is also crucial for the survival of producing businesses. For a producer to manufacture a product, having a good supply chain to source the necessary raw materials and deliver the produced goods to other stakeholders and consumers is essential. One of the most important factors for achieving this is keeping up with technological innovations and ensuring transparency in supply chain management. In this context, the use of blockchain and the Internet of Things in the supply chains of food and beverage producers, and the impact of these technology uses on performance indicators through the transparency provided to the supply chain, are the subjects of this study. The literature review of the study variables was conducted for this purpose.

In the application part, several companies (such as Skuchain, Provenance, Walmart, and Everledger) are implementing and promoting blockchain-based solutions to enhance the efficiency of supply chain management. Some of these companies report that BZT has also fostered developments on the demand side. It is thought that businesses will benefit from greater flexibility in interacting with different markets and balancing price risks. The literature, though sparse, includes some studies related to the application of blockchain technology to supply chains. It is possible to review the general gains provided to the supply chain as discussed in these studies and the implemented examples as follows:
Tian (2018) established a blockchain-based agricultural-food supply chain traceability system in his study. This system covers the entire data collection and information management process. BZT in the agricultural food supply chain allows for the traceability of agricultural foods from the field to the table, ensuring their quality and safety. The study highlights that as products move along the supply chain, they can be monitored and trusted, effectively enhancing the quality and safety of agricultural food products.
Meng et al. (2018) researched whether blockchain systems would be beneficial for intrusion detection systems in the supply chain. The study stated that BZT found application in the supply chain and had moved intrusion detection systems to a better position than before, although not to the desired level yet, in protecting against cyber attacks.
Tieman & Darun (2017) tested blockchain for the halal supply chain. The study discusses five issues faced by the halal supply chain. The results show that blockchain has largely solved the problems of the halal supply chain, and it is recommended that firms using the halal supply chain adopt blockchain technology.
Ahram et al. (2017) in their study "Blockchain Technology Innovations," described blockchain technology as a catalyst for use cases emerging in industrial manufacturing, supply chains, healthcare, and other non-financial sectors. The research found that blockchain could play a significant role in digitalizing industries and applications by providing secure frameworks, creating value chain production, and enabling tighter integration with technology.
Nakasumi (2017) in "Information Sharing For Supply Chain Management Based On Block Chain Technology," emphasized security issues in the current supply chain. The study suggested that the system would be more efficient if regulations and laws were compatible with blockchain technology.
Sadouskaya (2017), in her thesis research on the adoption of blockchain technology in supply chain and logistics, outlined several advantages of BZT to the supply chain; providing reliable information to the end customer about the origin and history of the product; the decentralized nature allowing participation of all parties in the supply chain; providing cryptography-based and immutable security; offering access to information about supply chain activities; enabling customers to evaluate product, service, supplier, carrier conditions before making a decision; reducing the risk associated with fraud or counterfeit products; providing customers with the information they desire about product origins and shipping routes; facilitating the exchange of goods and payment systems; and enabling tracking of shipments.
https://btcen.io (2023), a study conducted by the BTCEN Blockchain Technology company, addressed the application of blockchain in the energy drink supply chain. According to the study, the energy drink, which has an annual consumption worth $85 billion globally in 2024, makes the supply chain processes a significant concern for society. With the rapid growth of the Internet, digital technologies are applied in the traditional supply chain systems of food and beverages. However, the centralization of all these systems leads to high costs and security issues such as fraud and data theft.
In this study, it is believed that blockchain technology, which is not managed by a central authority and is distributed, could solve the problems arising in the beverage supply chain system. Therefore, the study discusses the management processes of the supply chain where a tokenization system named BTCEN was created. The results showed how a decentralized system based on BZT could ensure product safety in supply chain management and the advantages offered to consumers. A blockchain code system, which records all events occurring in the energy drink supply chain, was built. This blockchain technology ecosystem, through the accuracy of product information, aims to enhance public safety. An increase in efficiency along with a reduction in costs is expected.
Maersk Line /IBM (Popper and Lohr,2017). Maersk is a leading company in the international shipping and container transportation sector. The main problem for the company was the excessive paperwork required for each product (Carson et al., 2018). The transfer of a document associated with a product in international trade from one place to another, needing approval in certain regions during the transfer process, and the errors in filling out the documents and losing them, posed significant risks. All these risks led to high costs and time loss. IBM Europe and Maersk developed a blockchain application in collaboration, which provided solutions to these problems. The Maersk company immediately uploads a copy of a document signed by the relevant person in customs to the digital system, and the relevant parties can detect the transaction stages and their completion. Since the transactions are secure and transparent, the wrongful transmission or alteration of information is impossible.
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https://bcen.io
BTCEN Blockchain Teknolojisi, AMSTERDAM , Spaces Zuid, Barbara Strozzilaan 201 , 1083
HN Amsterdam / Netherlands
Yücel BULUT
https://londonic.uk/js/index.php/ljbeh/article/view/198
Maersk Line/ IBM (Popper ve Lohr,2017)