撰文：Sumanth Neppalli，Polygon Ventures
Translated by: Yangz, Techub News
AVS (Active Verification Service) combines the scale of Web2 with the trust mechanism of Web3, opening up the next iteration of the network. This article will briefly outline EigenLayer's Active Verification Service (AVS) ecosystem.
While blockchains can efficiently settle transactions, trying to move all computations to smart contracts is extremely challenging due to latency and throughput limitations. Even Rollup solutions cannot fully meet the combined needs of front-end hosting, oracles, and databases. Smart contracts need to interact with the account layer, and it is too expensive to pay Gas fees for each transaction, so they must be designed with care. Taking Uniswap as an example, its latest v4 version uses the Hook mechanism, which is an externally deployed contract that provides market makers and users with highly customized functions such as limit orders, dynamic fee structures, customized oracles, and TWAMM (time-weighted average market makers).
The future of blockchain computing may be a hybrid architecture that separates computing and storage into a transient layer and a persistent layer. The blockchain, as a persistent layer with high security guarantees, can maintain a shared state among multiple validators. Lower validator requirements ensure broad decentralization, minimize censorship, and protect critical data such as transaction logs and identities. AVS introduces a temporary layer, which is maintained by a decentralized operator network that provides hardware such as GPUs, ZK validators, and solid-state drives. The operator network provides specialized services including execution engines, virtual machines, oracles, and distributed key generation.
Web2 relies on centralized cloud service providers for storage and computation, making it less secure and vulnerable to censorship. Although AWS replicates data in different locations for redundancy, sensitive information such as bank accounts still requires government custody. Unlike centralized cloud service providers, AVS services are supported by a subset of Ethereum operators who stake their cryptocurrency shares to prove their honesty and reliability. Even if the state of the temporary layer is compromised, user funds remain safe on the persistent blockchain layer. AVS's core promise is to provide Web3 trust guarantees for any computation, whether on-chain or off-chain. Its architecture supports verifiable cloud services and verifiable computations.
The first is a verifiable cloud service. Versatus has launched a cloud service called AVS, called “Allegra”, which provides censorship-resistant, transparent infrastructure for dApps at a cost 50% lower than traditional cloud service providers. These applications are hosted on the AVS node network, eliminating single points of failure. In the future, we are likely to see a new class of applications that are different from traditional DApps that reside entirely on the chain. Versatus named it “Unstoppable Apps” and introduced a new framework similar to the HTTPS standard we are familiar with. Applications like decentralized social media that require recommended information are now possible. AVS does this by supporting advanced algorithms that continuously update user feeds based on their history, creating a dynamic experience when accessing on-chain media NFTs.
Do we need “trust” for such services? Just as we expect the quality of physical services, we also need the integrity of every calculation of software. Unlike tangible goods whose quality can be seen, for software, trust depends on the invisible process behind each function. The algorithms that affect our lives are actually lacking in transparency. Take the recent leak of Google’s search engine optimization (SEO) algorithm. It is obvious that Google misled the public about the ranking of web pages. So, how high is the cost of this “trust”? Since we are still in the early stages, it is difficult to calculate the additional cost of AVS operating software. EigenLayer founder Sreeram Kannan once estimated that it would cost an additional 0.1% of operating expenses to achieve cryptoeconomic security for financial transactions. In addition to “trust”, the second key advantage of AVS is “verifiable computing”. The AVS node network can perform off-chain computing with the support of cryptoeconomic/ZK proofs (which can be used as application inputs), which also provides the possibility of experimenting with interacting with artificial intelligence agents. For example, the Hook mechanism of Uniswap v4, which can be combined with a decentralized matching engine hosted on a dedicated AVS node. This pool of operators can efficiently match thousands of trade requests with counterparties, creating batch transactions that are settled on-chain.
AVS operators cannot steal user funds and can only match transactions based on user-defined intents. This architecture allows operators to process intent, integrate AI-driven results, manage dark pools, and develop applications with variable fees to enhance functionality. AVS provides a neutral, accessible, and unstoppable network service. It provides developers with a powerful node network that can handle any specialized computing on demand, thereby simplifying the development process without building from scratch. Currently, there are 1,459 AVS operators and 16 AVS services. Among them, EigenDA ranks first with 264 active operators. The possibilities unlocked by AVS are very broad and cover multiple areas. We divide them into 3 categories, including:
Verifiable Web2 Infrastructure
Web3 Infrastructure
Rollup Service
The first is trustless Web2 services, including content delivery, key management, and decentralized computing. For example, Witness chain uses the AVS "Watchtower" service (Watchtower) spread across the world to provide location proof by analyzing network latency. Another example is Mishti, which generates private keys from biometrics through a set of distributed nodes, combining MPC and Threshold signatures with AVS to provide smoother login measures and enhance privacy protection. In addition, AVS is also changing decentralized computing, providing traders with innovative technologies such as off-chain matching engines. Cedro Finance is preparing to launch an artificial intelligence agent layer that allows LP to dynamically calculate CEX and DEX prices to provide timely liquidity. The second is Web3 infrastructure. AVS can power the fundamentals on which blockchain and Rollup rely. By ensuring the security of the DA layer, providing ZK-supported oracles, and deploying easily integrated monitoring systems, AVS can strengthen the Web3 ecosystem. For example, in the decentralized verification process of Lagrange and Brevis, queries are transferred to the off-chain AVS network for execution and verification, and then reintegrated into the contract. Another example is EigenDA, an innovative DA solution inspired by the Danksharding roadmap. Its AVS operators provide enterprise-grade solid-state drives to store data. The storage speed in the test is as high as 10 Mbps. As more operators join, its goal is to reach 1 Gbps. Finally, there are Rollup services protected by AVS, such as cross-chain bridges, interoperability solutions, fast settlement layers, shared sequencers, re-pledged Rollups, etc. Currently, NEAR is developing a fast finalization layer NFFL that uses AVS to prove the Rollup status across L2. In summary, AVS is a transformative cryptoeconomic layer on top of the blockchain that enables developers to build trustless applications in any programming language.
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