1. Block

  • Slot and Block Height: Solana’s block time is 400 milliseconds, called a slot. Slot and block height may be different in Solana, and staking rewards are distributed every Epoch, about 2-3 days, equivalent to 432,000 slots.

2. Basic Unit

  • Wei: Solana's smallest unit is lamport, with a precision of 9 (9 decimal places). Unlike Ethereum, most tokens in the Solana ecosystem have a default precision of 6 decimal places instead of 18.

3. Data Representation

  • Hexadecimal/Binary: Data in Solana is usually represented in base58 and can be converted to hexadecimal using the from_base58() function.

4. Consensus Mechanism

  • PoS and Proof of Stake: Solana uses Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) to ensure security. Validators use the PoH consensus mechanism to vote on slots, and the leader rotates every Epoch.

5. Address system

  • Address: Solana's addresses are also called "accounts", and special accounts are called "Program Derived Accounts" (PDA), which require a small rent to prevent state inflation.

6. Smart Contracts

  • Smart contracts: called "programs" on Solana. Programs are deployed through the BPF uploader and can be upgraded at any time. Unlike Ethereum, which uses the Solidity language, Solana mainly uses the Rust language for program development.

7. Transaction Data

  • Transaction data: On Solana, each transaction consists of multiple "data" fields, nested in an "instructions" array.

8. Function and event signatures

  • Function Signatures: Solana uses "discriminators" instead of traditional function signatures, which can be 1 byte, 4 bytes, or 8 bytes long.

  • Event signatures: Events are mostly recorded in log messages, and event signatures are not yet decoded and stored.

9. Gas and Fees

  • Gas: Solana uses "compute units" to represent computational amounts, unlike Ethereum's Gas model.

  • Gas Fee: Solana currently has a fixed fee of 5,000 lamports per transaction.

10. Storage and Tokens

  • Storage: Solana stores data in binary buffers of accounts, while Ethereum uses storage slots.

  • Tokens: Deployed through the spl_token program, token balances are stored in associated accounts, which is different from Ethereum's balance mapping.

in conclusion
Solana provides a high-throughput, low-latency environment suitable for applications that need to scale massively. Compared with Ethereum, Solana has obvious advantages in processing speed, cost efficiency, and flexibility, but it also requires developers to have a deep understanding of its unique technology stack.

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