Source: Chainalysis; Translated by: Deng Tong, Golden Finance

Global Cryptocurrency Adoption Index Methodology

The Global Cryptocurrency Adoption Index consists of four sub-indices, each based on countries' use of different types of cryptocurrency services. We rank all 151 countries for which we have sufficient data for each sub-index, weighting the rankings by characteristics such as population size and purchasing power, taking the geometric mean of each country's ranking in these four areas, and then normalizing the final number on a scale of 0 to 1 to give each country a score that determines its overall ranking. The closer a country's final score is to 1, the higher its ranking.

To calculate our sub-indices, we estimate the transaction volume of different types of cryptocurrency services and protocols in each country based on the web traffic patterns of the websites of these services and protocols. We acknowledge that web traffic data is imperfect, as some cryptocurrency users may use VPNs and other similar tools to hide their true physical location. However, given that our index covers hundreds of millions of cryptocurrency transactions and over 13 billion web visits, any misattributed transaction volume due to VPNs is likely to be negligible given the size of the dataset. We also compared our findings with insights from local crypto experts and operators from around the world, which gave us additional confidence in this approach.

Below is a description of the sub-indices and how they are calculated, as well as improvements to our methodology since last year.

Sub-index Category 1: On-chain cryptocurrency value received by centralized services, weighted by PPP-adjusted GDP per capita

We included this sub-index to rank countries by the total value of cryptocurrency received by centralized services, and weighted the ranking to favor countries where this amount is more substantial relative to the country's per capita income. To calculate this number, we estimated the total value received on-chain by users of centralized services in each country and weighted it by PPP-adjusted GDP per capita, which measures the country's per capita income. The higher the ratio of value received on-chain to GDP per capita after PPP adjustment, the higher the ranking. In other words, if two countries have an equal amount of cryptocurrency received on centralized services, the country with the lower weighted value of PPP-adjusted GDP per capita will be ranked higher.

Sub-index Category 2: On-chain retail cryptocurrency value received by centralized services, weighted by PPP-adjusted GDP per capita

We also estimate the activity of non-professional individual cryptocurrency users on centralized services, based on the value of their transactions on centralized services compared to the purchasing power of the average person. We do this by estimating the amount of cryptocurrency received by users on centralized services in each country (similar to sub-index category 1), but only counting the value received for retail-scale transactions, which we designate as cryptocurrency transactions worth less than $10,000. We then rank each country based on this metric, but weight it to favor countries with lower per capita GDP adjusted for PPP.

Sub-index Category 3: On-chain cryptocurrency value received by DeFi protocols, weighted by PPP-adjusted GDP per capita

We rank countries based on their DeFi transaction volume and weight the rankings to favor countries with lower PPP-adjusted GDP per capita.

Sub-index Category 4: On-chain retail cryptocurrency value received by DeFi protocols, weighted by PPP-adjusted GDP per capita

We ranked each country based on the volume of DeFi transactions conducted for retail-scale transfers (again, less than $10,000 worth of crypto), weighted to favor countries with lower PPP-adjusted GDP per capita.

Changes in methodology

Methodological Change 1: Measuring DeFi Activity

The main change in our methodology this year involves how we measure the value of cryptocurrencies received by decentralized protocols. For DeFi services, we only include the value received from suspicious individual wallets and exclude the value received by other known DeFi wallets. This new approach ensures that the total value received is not inflated by the intermediate steps required by some smart contracts.

Here’s an example of how DeFi transfers typically work:

The personal wallet initiates an exchange in DeFi Protocol A, transferring Ether (ETH) from the personal wallet to the router contract address of DeFi Protocol A.

ETH is deposited from the router contract address to the wrapped Ether (wETH) token contract address.

The router contract address receives wETH.

Transfers from the router to the decentralized exchange (DEX) pool contract.

Transfer from DEX pool contract to router.

Finally transfer from the router back to your personal wallet.

According to our new methodology, we only count the first transfer in the above example to determine the total value received by the DeFi protocol. By doing so, we can eliminate intermediary transfers between contracts belonging to the same service provider. This process causes our estimate of the value received to drop slightly, but it is now a more accurate estimate.

Methodological Change 2: Excluding P2P Exchange Sub-Index

In previous years, we included P2P cryptocurrency exchange trading volume (weighted by PPP per capita and number of internet users) to calculate the overall ranking of global cryptocurrency adoption. This year, we decided to exclude this sub-index due to a significant drop in activity on P2P exchanges. The closure of LocalBitcoins.com, one of the largest and oldest P2P exchanges, last year also contributed to this drop.

Top 20 Global Cryptocurrency Adoption Index 2024

Central and South Asia & Oceania (CSAO) dominates our 2024 Index, with seven of the top 20 countries located in the region. As we explore in the full report, CSAO has a unique set of cryptocurrency markets, with high levels of activity in local cryptocurrency exchanges, merchant services, and DeFi.

Global crypto activity is increasing

The total value of global crypto activity increased significantly between Q4 2023 and Q1 2024, reaching levels higher than during the crypto bull run of 2021. We can see this pattern in the chart below, where we apply our adoption index methodology globally, adding up the index scores for all 151 countries for each quarter from Q3 2021 to Q2 2024, and then re-indexing it again to show the growth of global adoption over time.

Last year, growth in cryptocurrency adoption was driven primarily by low- and middle-income countries. This year, however, cryptocurrency activity has increased in countries across all income brackets, while high-income countries have retreated since early 2024.

The launch of a Bitcoin ETF in the U.S. triggered an increase in the total value of Bitcoin activity in all regions, with particularly strong year-over-year growth in institutional-scale transfers and in regions with higher incomes, such as North America and Western Europe. In contrast, stablecoins saw higher year-over-year growth in retail and professional-scale transfers, and are supporting real-world use cases in low- and lower-middle-income countries, such as Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America.

When we look at year-over-year growth by service type, we see significant increases in DeFi activity in Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, and Eastern Europe. As shown in the chart above, this growth may be driving increased altcoin activity in these regions.