TL;DR
1. The development of application chains is the result of the combined effect of many factors, including the maturity of infrastructure, intensified competition for block space, and the increasing demand for customized token economic models.
2. Although dApps and application chains have similarities in business forms, they each have their own advantages and limitations. If the emphasis is on synergy with the ecosystem, dApps may be more suitable, while if autonomy and independence are pursued, application chains are a better choice.
3. The development of Cosmos and Polkadot is limited, both due to technical challenges, but more because of the high threshold of economic mechanism design and application chain.
4. The core of application chain development lies in building its own application barriers, making full use of low-cost transactions to promote high-frequency on-chain transactions, and then obtaining traffic and accumulating users. Although technical support and enhancement are important, they are only auxiliary factors, not core elements.
5. Future application chains will be able to solve existing liquidity fragmentation and interoperability problems through technologies such as aggregation layer, super chain or chain abstraction.
6. Although the market value or fully diluted valuation of the application chain has received a certain bonus, the real key is the product quality and user experience of the application itself.
The inevitability of application chain development trend
In 2023 and 2024, more and more dApps announced their transformation into application chains. In response to this phenomenon, we counted the entire application chain track and found that these application chains are mainly concentrated in DeFi, games, social and AI. We believe that the development of application chains has become an inevitable trend, which is due to the maturity of modular technology, the extensive verification of the general Rollup second-layer network, the increase in RaaS platforms and the improvement of services, as well as the competition for public chain block space resources by dApps, the optimization of end-user transaction costs and the customization of token economy.
Regarding this trend, we believe that the upgrade of dApps to application chains will not immediately transform into a highly valued infrastructure layer, because dApps and application chains are more of a technology selection rather than a decisive factor for success. The advantage of application chains is that they promote more high-frequency on-chain transactions through low-cost transactions, use data accumulation to improve user product experience, form user stickiness, and thus achieve network effects. Therefore, the core of the development of application chains still lies in their unique application barriers and traffic.
Exploring the origins of application chains
When talking about the origin of application chains, we must mention a pioneering project, Cosmos. Cosmos is famous for its modular and pluggable design concept, which separates the virtual machine and the consensus engine, allowing developers to freely choose the framework for building the virtual machine and customize the key parameters of the consensus engine, such as the number of validators and TPS. This design enables various applications to exist as independent chains and show unique advantages in flexibility and sovereignty. These innovative concepts have enabled Cosmos to make important contributions to the exploration and practice of application chains, laying a solid foundation for this field.
Looking through Mintscan’s Cosmos application chain ecological development, we found that many well-known and mature application chains are built based on the Cosmos framework, such as dYdX, Osmosis, Fetch AI, Band and Stride. However, the growth trend of the Cosmos overall application chain has not continued, and the number of new application chains has not increased significantly. We believe that this is mainly because Cosmos gives the application chain too much sovereignty. Before the launch of Atom 2.0’s ICS solution, the security of the application chain and the high startup and maintenance costs were the main reasons.
Normally, building a Cosmos application chain requires the project party to be equipped with a development team familiar with the Cosmos SDK and the Tendermint consensus engine, which is an additional technical burden for the technical team that focuses on application development. In addition, even if the Cosmos application chain is able to be equipped with enough technical personnel, the startup logic of most application chains is to attract initial validators to participate and ensure network security by airdropping tokens to Cosmos validators, while incentivizing validators to continuously maintain network security through high inflation rates. However, the side effect of this practice is that it accelerates the depreciation of tokens, causing the value of the network to fall rapidly. This situation makes it more difficult for application chains to gain a foothold in the market.
Under the ICS scheme advocated by Atom 2.0, the concept of application chain will be upgraded to the Permissionless Consumer Chains model, although it allows permissionless joining of consumer chains, reducing the cost of consumer chains to obtain security. However, this form of voting governance based on DAO is similar to the Polkadot slot auction mechanism launched at the same time, and may face the inefficient development problem of the slot auction mechanism.
In addition, we found that Cosmos is not attractive enough to application chains in terms of chain liveness, developer documentation resources, and community culture. For example, the block suspension incident of Cosmos Hub this year, the incomplete development documentation resources during the peak period of inscriptions at the end of 2023, and the small circle problem of Interchain Foundation pointed out by Delphi co-founder José Maria Macedo, all had a negative impact on the joining of new application chains.
Catalyst for new application chains
If we regard the early application chains of Cosmos as chain-oriented applications, emphasizing the sovereign design of the chain, then the new application chains are more application-oriented, focusing on their own application development. The rise of this new application chain is mainly due to the popularization of the modular blockchain concept, the maturity and extensive verification of the general Rollup Layer 2, the development of interoperability and liquidity aggregation layers, and the rise and improvement of RaaS platforms.
As the first Rollup Layer 2 to go live on the mainnet, Optimism's successful launch in 2022 marks the actual implementation of the modular blockchain theory. Optimism not only inherits the security of Ethereum, but also fully supports the development technology stack of the Ethereum ecosystem. Optimism has shown the industry how Rollup can efficiently expand Ethereum, and at the same time, it has promoted the industry's in-depth exploration of Layer 2 solutions. On the basis of its own development, Optimism draws on the concepts and frameworks of Cosmos and innovatively proposes the concept of OP Stack. This concept has been widely used in well-known projects such as Worldcoin and Base, further attracting widespread attention in the industry. Subsequently, other Rollup solutions have also launched similar concepts, such as Arbitrum Orbits, Polygon CDK, StarkWare Appchain and zkSync Hyperchains. In this way, for dApps, the application chain has become a new way to implement business logic, and the upgrade and implementation of the original dApps is no longer a problem. The main challenges have turned to technology selection, business design and operation and maintenance.
When implementing a Rollup solution, you usually need to choose a suitable execution layer framework, such as OP Stack or Arbitrum Orbits. Taking OP Stack as an example, it is an evolving Rollup framework that must be upgraded with Ethereum updates (such as Cancun's Blob feature) and will also support emerging features (such as Alternative Data Availability). For ease of understanding, we simplify the development process of the application chain and roughly follow the following steps:
1. Technology selection: Evaluate the functions and features of different frameworks and choose the most suitable one.
2. Demand design: Design an application chain that meets the requirements based on the customization capabilities of the corresponding framework.
3. Operation and maintenance: complete deployment, testing, launch and subsequent maintenance.
Although the Rollup framework provides powerful scalability for applications, it is not easy to choose and implement the right framework, especially after the application chain is launched. It is more complicated to make changes. Therefore, the emergence of RaaS (Rollup As A Service) platforms such as Altlayer, Caldera and Conduit is particularly important. These platforms are similar to SaaS, but focus on Rollup solutions, which can help dApps quickly choose different Rollup frameworks, simplify the complex steps in the application chain development process, provide customized core features, and support maintenance and optimization of applications after they are launched.
At the same time, the infrastructure and related functions around the application chain are also advancing rapidly, and the industry continues to launch attractive protocols and functions. For example, projects such as Celestia, EigenDA and NearDA have introduced Alternative Data Availability to reduce costs and increase throughput, and RaaS platforms have successively launched integrated support for functions such as custom Gas tokens and native account abstraction. With the widespread application of Rollup application chains, liquidity fragmentation and interoperability problems have gradually emerged, prompting aggregation and unified layer solutions such as Optimism's Superchain, Polygon's AggLayer, Caldera's Metalayer and zkSync's Elastic Chain, which aim to improve interoperability and liquidity aggregation between application chains.
If the above catalysts lower the entry threshold of application chains, then the current application dilemma in the primary and secondary markets is intensifying dApps' exploration of a way out. Through the data of CMC and Rootdata, we can see that among the top 100 projects in the secondary market, except for the community-driven and culturally supported Meme category, there are only a few pure application projects such as Uniswap, LDO, Aave, Ondo, Jupiter, Ethena, and most of the others belong to infrastructure. This virtually confirms that infrastructure has a higher status than applications in the entire Crypto industry. Corresponding to the primary market, the amount of financing for applications is also far lower than that for infrastructure. We believe that this phenomenon is partly due to the fact that the UI/UX of Web3 applications is relatively complex, far less mature and easy to use than Web2, and at the same time, the relevant application paradigm innovation has not really broken through. Despite this, we believe that the potential of application chains has not yet been fully released, and it may become an important breakthrough in promoting the development of Web3 in the future. At present, there are some well-known application chain projects, such as IMX, Cyberconnect, Project Galaxy, Worldcoin, etc., which are showing the huge potential of application chains.
Advantages and disadvantages of new application chains
In the field of technology and innovation, "silver bullet" is often used to describe a perfect solution that can solve all problems. However, in reality, there is almost no technology that can solve all problems overnight. Similarly, the new application chain is not a universal and flawless solution. Below, we analyze its advantages and disadvantages:
Advantages
Modular design: Application chains usually adopt a modular design, allowing developers to customize infrastructure components such as settlement mechanisms and data availability to meet specific needs.
Optimizing performance: Many new application chains can reduce costs and improve throughput by introducing other data availability layer solutions.
Enhanced value capture: Such as custom Gas tokens, account abstraction, etc. These features can support more flexible application development and more complex business models and token models.
Disadvantages
Liquidity fragmentation: New application chains may face the problem of liquidity fragmentation.
Interoperability and composability issues: Application chains can no longer be combined and interoperable as easily and conveniently as dApps on public chains in the past.
Increased complexity: New application chains have increased complexity compared to traditional dApps, especially in design and implementation, and may require more technical resources and support.
Core considerations for determining application chains
From the perspective of the project owner, when deciding whether to upgrade or select an application chain, it is recommended to follow the following principles:
1. Dependence on the characteristics of existing public chains: If your application is highly dependent on other dApps on the public chain, such as liquidity or product features, it is recommended to continue using the existing dApps solution.
2. Customized functions are required: If the current application cannot support business requirements such as account abstraction, specific onboarding mechanism (Revenue sharing) at the protocol level, and these functions are critical to business development, then it is recommended to choose or migrate to the application chain.
3. Cost-sensitive: If the end user is sensitive to block space resources, or wants to reduce losses such as MEV, the application chain may be a better choice. In addition, if the application belongs to a high-frequency interaction scenario, the application chain can provide higher resource efficiency and lower transaction costs.
The moat construction and development route of the application chain
We believe that the moat of the application chain will always be its own application business. The key to success lies in digging deep into the market pain points and building PMF (Product Market Fit) product applications. Simply relying on the chain infrastructure narrative of the application chain is a rigid thinking of looking for nails with a hammer, and it is not an effective way to build a moat.
In the current wave of new application chains, the key is how to build open and transparent low-cost applications on the chain, grasp market demand and solve product pain points, polish out perfect and secure products, and establish a huge and rich user data accumulation and analysis, and match a business model with a cash flow model to form strong user stickiness and scale effect.
The high-profile route is not necessarily suitable for application chains. At least before the core product is perfected and user data and user growth data are not fully established, the application chain should focus on development and supplement it with publicity. The accumulation of user data, the cultivation of user habits, and the iterative update of product functions are not achieved overnight, so a steady and steady development approach is more suitable. The application should first form its own core functions as soon as possible, even irreplaceable functions. Based on this, new functions and product lines are developed. In this way, even if new functions and new product lines are met with a cold response, a defensive abandonment strategy can be adopted. Correspondingly, in terms of the upgrade and iteration of the application chain, it can also be deeply integrated with the original application functions many times.
Take the well-known portfolio visualization asset management platform Debank as an example. It has long established tracking and observation of ETH and EVM wallet address assets, transaction flows, dApps and other positions, and iterated many functions accordingly. Although Debank has many relatively unknown functions, such as notifications, bookmarks, and greetings, this does not affect our love for its core asset management functions. For Debank's paid functions, we can see their dedication in this regard. The diversified and fine-grained payment features and the integrated and optimized Package functions provide users with considerate choices. The overall data of these functions performed well and formed a good synergy with Debank's other product line Rabby Wallet. Even though Debank advertised that it had developed Debank Chain based on OP Stack, users did not have a clear perception. This shows that Debank's application chain has well demonstrated how to build a core moat for applications and provided valuable reference for the development route selection of other application chains.
Token gameplay design ideas
When building the token economic model of the application chain, we advocate a natural development strategy. The core of this strategy is to reduce human intervention and avoid relying on short-term incentives. Our hope is to coordinate the circulation and value growth of tokens with the expansion of the application itself and the increase in the user base. In this way, the token economy can be synchronized with the long-term development of the application and the actual needs of users, thereby achieving sustainable growth.
Tokens can be a powerful tool to attract users in the early stages of an application, achieving the so-called "cold start". However, in order to ensure that these early users are not only attracted, but also converted into long-term users, the key lies in designing an efficient and attractive mechanism. This mechanism needs to be based on a clear positioning of the application product, deep insight into user needs and preferences, and a comprehensive understanding of the business scenario. In addition, the core value of the token must also be established to ensure that users recognize its long-term potential and benefits. Through such a strategy, tokens can not only attract users, but also promote their continued participation and in-depth use of the product.
The growth in the number of token holders should be consistent with the expansion of the user base to ensure the healthy development of the token economy. We should avoid adopting an overly aggressive token distribution strategy and instead strive to achieve a model of sustained growth. This requires not only that we fully consider the current market liquidity and potential market changes, but also that we ensure that the token economic model and the vision of the application are closely linked. In addition, as a new type of reservoir-type asset, NFT’s innovation and appropriate combination can provide users with a variety of usage scenarios, and also help to enhance the attractiveness and market competitiveness of tokens.
Learning from failed cases is the key to avoiding mistakes when designing tokens for application chains. Take Aevo as an example. As a new coin that has landed on Binance Exchange in the past six months, it will not be affected by insufficient liquidity. After attracting a large number of early users through the expectation of token airdrops, Aevo has established a firm foothold in the pre-market trading market. Unfortunately, Aevo's overly aggressive and unrestrained token design model ultimately harmed the core data growth of the product. At present, Aevo has shown stagnation in key indicators such as token holder growth, daily trading activity, and the basic market price of pre-market trading of products. For this reason, in order to build a token economic model that is both attractive to users and sustainable in the long term, we advocate the idea of organic development, the core of which is to drive the natural growth of tokens and the expansion of applications with intrinsic value and user demand.
Overview of well-known application chain projects
Let’s take a deep dive into some of the most high-profile application chain projects currently on the market and analyze them.
Cyber
Cyber is a restaked Ethereum second-layer network focusing on social scenarios, optimized for Mas Adoption. Core features include native account abstraction, Enshrined Social Graph Protocol supported by CyberGraph and CyberAccount, low-cost and efficient decentralized storage CyberDB and decentralized sequencer, etc. The core application product is Link 3, which allows verified Web3 companies and professionals to create reusable data on the chain, and this data can be combined and used by other applications.
XI
XAI is an EVM-compatible three-layer gaming network developed by Offchain Labs. Using Arbitrum technology, XAI allows players to own and trade their in-game items without using a cryptocurrency wallet. At the same time, node operators of the XAI network participate in network governance and receive corresponding rewards, thereby building a gaming ecosystem with an open and real economic experience for traditional game players.
MyShell
MyShell AI is an innovative AI Agent creator platform and a Consumer AI Layer that connects users, creators, and open source AI researchers. Users can use MyShell's exclusive integrated text-to-speech technology and AutoPrompt tool to quickly customize agents with personalized voice styles and functions. For Agent creators, they can efficiently create and publish AI Agents, and integrate monetization channels to obtain corresponding Agent revenue.
GM Network
GM Network is committed to becoming an innovator in the consumer AIoT field. It uses advanced AltLayer technology and combines EigenDA and OP Stack to create a decentralized DePIN, which is designed to customize personalized AI agents for users. GM Network's goal is to build a large incentive and communication platform, and promote the widespread application of AI technology on the consumer side by integrating DePIN/IoT technology with AI, thereby building a bridge between the virtual world and the real world.
Some other projects
Investment Analysis Framework
When conducting investment analysis, we use the following framework to ensure a comprehensive and in-depth evaluation of the application:
Industry understanding and market positioning: Have an in-depth understanding of the gameplay and operation mode of the cryptocurrency circle, and know how to select market pain points and propose novel application solutions.
Target customer group: The application targets a large and potential user base, which directly affects the ceiling of its market value.
Product delivery and iteration speed: Compared with infrastructure, applications need to have strong product delivery capabilities and fast iteration speed to ensure continuous optimization and innovation of product functions.
User retention and business model: The application must be able to build strong user retention capabilities and achieve sustainable growth through GMV growth and a matching business model.
Through this framework, we can systematically evaluate the comprehensive strength and market prospects of the project and provide a solid basis for investment decisions.
Outlook
We are optimistic about the development prospects of application chains. This optimism is based on the fact that application chains, as core platforms for carrying user activities, can play a vital role in diversified fields such as social networking and games. In the future, these application chains will not only provide users with a rich interactive experience, but also promote the innovation and development of related industries through their unique technical advantages!
Off topic
1. The application business forms of To B and To C have their own characteristics, but their ideas of combining with application chain are similar. This article will not strictly distinguish between the two, but focus on how they use application chain technology to achieve business goals and growth.
2. The main difference between Layer 3 and Layer 2 application chains is that Layer 3 uses a specific Layer 2 as the settlement layer and data availability layer, which means that the structure is not much different from Layer 2.
3. Solana officials have not made a clear statement supporting the development of Layer 2. Its focus is still on building around the Solana high-performance public chain. For some Layer 2 or application chains above Solana, the ideas are similar to those of the Ethereum series of application chains, with the only difference being the execution framework and data availability layer.
4. The current situation of Layer 2 seems to be a ghost town. The actual reason is that some Layer 2s are too dependent on the on-chain prosperity created by the expectation of token airdrops, and do not fully operate and maintain the ecosystem. Through Defillama's https://defillama.com/chains, Arbitrum and Base and other Layer 2 data are also very active.
5. There are generally multiple modes for sharing revenue between application chains and RaaS, such as fixed payment, distribution based on sequencer income, etc. For application chains of different sizes, you can choose according to your own business situation.
References
Cosmos Hub
https://x.com/cosmoshub/status/1798512843853271223
Cosmos Hub ForumCHIPs Discussion phase: Permissionless ICS
https://forum.cosmos.network/t/chips-discussion-phase-permissionless-ics/13955
PANewsDelphi Digital: After analyzing all L1 blockchains, why did we finally decide to develop on Cosmos?
https://www.panewslab.com/zh/articledetails/s5m1eokl.html
Geek Web3Geek Web3 on Twitter / X
https://x.com/geeksweb3/status/1737533996601680047
The Cosmos Hub blockchain experienced a nearly 4-hour outage in the early morning, and has now resumed block production
https://www.mitrade.com/cn/insights/news/live-news/article-3-199606-20240606
Juno Network was attacked, and the main network stopped producing blocks! JUNO price fell more than 5%_Btcfans
https://www.btcfans.com/en-us/article/78341
Application-Specific Blockchains | Explore the SDK
https://docs.cosmos.network/v0.50/learn/intro/why-app-specific
Mintscan
https://www.mintscan.io/visualization/validators/binancenode
Jose Maria Macedo
https://x.com/ZeMariaMacedo/status/1711365326976262545?t=NuGHO0wY5J-QgRjfnDgb7As=05
RPC Node Providers | Optimism Docs
https://docs.optimism.io/builders/tools/connect/rpc-providers
DuneAnalyticsOptimism Overview
https://dune.com/Marcov/Optimism-Ethereum
StarkWareWhat are Appchains?
https://starkware.co/blog/what-are-appchains/
Superchain Ecosystem | Chains
https://www.superchain.eco/chains
Orbit Ecosystem
https://portal.arbitrum.io/orbit/ecosystem
Build ZK powered blockchains
https://polygon.technology/polygon-cdk#
L2 BEAT - The state of the layer two ecosystem
https://l2beat.com/scaling/summary
DuneAnalyticsDeBank Layer 2 Dashboard
https://dune.com/stakeridoo/debank
SimilarWeb
https://www.similarweb.com/website/debank.com/#traffic
DeBank | The Real User Based Web3 Community
https://debank.com/paid
TokenTerminal
https://tokenterminal.com/terminal/projects/aevo?v=ZmE2MjZm
Haotian | CryptoInsight on Twitter
https://twitter.com/tmel0211/status/1790988512545902797
Delphi | What is Appchain?
https://members.delphidigital.io/learn/application-specific-blockchain
The Benefits and Tradeoffs of Application-Specific Blockchains
https://www.infura.io/blog/post/the-benefits-and-tradeoffs-of-application-specific-blockchains
