introduction
With the rapid development of blockchain technology, the revenue sustainability of public chains has become a key indicator for evaluating their long-term development potential. This report focuses on the three major public chains in the current market - Ethereum, Solana and Tron, and deeply explores the revenue model and sustainability of these public chains by analyzing their gas fee income composition, on-chain economic activities, and the sustainability of user income and expenditure.
According to the latest data provided by Defilama, in the past 30 days, Ethereum is far ahead with a total of $99.89 million in gas fees, followed by Solana and Tron with $46.21 million and $38.97 million in gas fees, respectively. However, this revenue advantage is not fully reflected in market popularity and user activity. It is worth noting that Solana has been more discussed than Ethereum in the past six months, while Tron has gained wide recognition in the payment field with its low transaction fees.
What is even more striking is that the daily active address data shows a completely different pattern from the gas fee income: Tron ranks first with 2.1 million daily active addresses, followed by Solana with 1.1 million, and Ethereum with only 316,000. This phenomenon highlights the complex relationship between the composition of gas fee income, on-chain economic activities, and the sustainability of user income and expenditure, and also provides us with a unique perspective for in-depth analysis of the income sustainability of the three major public chains.
This report will deeply analyze the revenue structure of Ethereum, Solana and TRON, and explore their long-term development potential and revenue sustainability.
Ethereum
GAS fee income composition
Ethereum has undergone a series of major upgrades, including the transition from Proof of Work (PoW) to Proof of Stake (PoS) and the implementation of the EIP-1559 proposal, which has had a profound impact on its gas fee structure. The new gas fee structure is divided into two parts: the base fee (Base Fee) that is automatically destroyed by the system and the tips (Tips) paid directly to validators. The destruction mechanism of the base fee is expected to push ETH into a deflationary state, potentially increasing its value. At the same time, the dynamically adjusted base fee helps to optimize the allocation of network resources, while the tips provide additional incentives for validators to maintain network security. This dual structure not only diversifies the income sources of validators and reduces the dependence on new coin issuance, but also creates long-term deflationary potential for ETH through the base fee destruction mechanism. Overall, this series of changes aims to enhance the economic sustainability and long-term value proposition of the Ethereum network.
In the past 30 days, Ethereum has destroyed approximately $47 million worth of ETH through the Base Fee mechanism. This data not only reflects the activity of the network, but also provides an important basis for analyzing the contribution ratio of various on-chain activities to total Gas consumption. It helps to gain a deeper understanding of the economic influence of different applications and transaction types in the Ethereum ecosystem. The main contributing entities to the destruction volume are shown in the figure below.
Figure 1-1 Statistics of Ethereum ecosystem destruction
The distribution of gas consumption on the Ethereum network reflects the activity of its ecosystem and the flow of economic value. Based on the gas burning ratio shown in the chart, we can clearly identify the dominant application categories on the Ethereum main chain and their relative importance. Decentralized Finance (DeFi) is far ahead with a share of 60%, highlighting its core position in the Ethereum ecosystem. Following closely behind are ETH transfers (12%), MEV (maximum extractable value, 8%) and NFT (non-fungible tokens, 8%). These four categories together contribute 88% of the total gas consumption and constitute the main economic activities of the Ethereum network. Layer 2 solutions (6%) and smart contract creation (2%) account for a small proportion, which indirectly reflects that the development of the Ethereum ecosystem is temporarily in a "trough period".
Although the Ethereum network is currently in a relatively low period, its gas fee consumption distribution still presents a diversified ecological pattern, dominated by DeFi, supplemented by ETH transfers, MEV, NFT and other fields, demonstrating the network's continued vitality and a wide range of application scenarios, laying a solid foundation for the growth of the Ethereum network value.
On-chain economic activities
Defi
Decentralized finance (DeFi), as a core component of the Ethereum ecosystem, covers a variety of sub-segments, including decentralized exchanges (DEX), lending platforms, DEX trading robots, stablecoins, derivatives, crypto wallets, and liquidity staking derivatives (LSD).
Through an in-depth analysis of Ethereum’s Gas burning details, we observed that tracks such as DEX, stablecoins, DEX trading robots, and crypto wallets performed outstandingly in terms of Gas consumption and ranked at the top, which reflects the dominant position and user activity of these segments in the current DeFi ecosystem.
Uniswap（DEX）
As the largest decentralized exchange (DEX) in the Ethereum ecosystem, Uniswap not only provides users with efficient on-chain spot trading services, but also serves as the infrastructure of the decentralized finance (DeFi) ecosystem, meeting the rigid demands on the blockchain network.
Uniswap's revenue in the past 30 days was $54.23 million, of which $8.15 million was contributed to the burning of gas fees, accounting for about 17.3% of the Ethereum ecosystem. Statistics (Figure 1-2) show that the top trading pairs on Uniswap are mainly composed of ETH and stablecoins, and the speculative Meme token transactions account for a very low proportion of the overall transaction structure. This phenomenon highlights the healthy ecology on the platform dominated by normal trading behaviors.
Figure 1-2 Top trading pairs in Uniswap (data source: https://app.uniswap.org/explore/pools)
1inch（DEX）
As the leading decentralized exchange (DEX) aggregator in the Ethereum ecosystem, 1inch provides users with optimal trading paths and prices by integrating liquidity pools from multiple DEXs, and has unique advantages in niche token transactions.
1inch contributed approximately $1.21 million in gas fees to the Ethereum ecosystem, accounting for 3% of the total.
The entire DEX track accounts for more than 40% in the DeFi field and more than 25% in the Ethereum ecosystem, highlighting the status of DEX as the most active track in Ethereum. Mainstream DEX projects are mainly normal transactions, rarely involving Meme tokens, reflecting a healthy ecological composition. Although the DEX track accounts for the highest proportion, it only accounts for 25% of the Ethereum ecosystem, reflecting a reasonable distribution of gas fees.
Stablecoin transfers
As a key indicator to measure the prosperity of the chain, stablecoin transfer ranks second in the Ethereum ecosystem after DEX. It plays a role similar to fiat currency in on-chain transactions. It not only provides a pricing benchmark for other tokens, but also becomes the preferred intermediary medium for on-chain token transactions due to its transaction convenience and low slippage advantages. It is mainly composed of USDT and USDC, the two mainstream stablecoins in the industry, which effectively reflects the capital demand and activity of the Ethereum ecosystem.
In the past month, the gas fees burned related to stablecoin transfers on the Ethereum chain reached 4.01 million US dollars, accounting for about 8.5% of the total gas fees destroyed in the same period. This data not only reflects the strong demand for funds on the chain, but also highlights the importance of stablecoin transfers in measuring the sustainable development potential of public chains, because it is directly related to whether the public chain has sufficient funds and user base. Ethereum's strong performance in this indicator further confirms its leading position in the cryptocurrency ecosystem and its continued development momentum.
Dex Trading Bot
The rise of the Dex Trading Bot track stems from the popularity of Meme coin. As an automated trading tool designed specifically for DEX traders, it is mainly used to facilitate users to snap up Meme coins. With the surge in Meme coin projects, its market has shown extremely high volatility and short cycles (some are even active for less than 10 minutes), making trading much more difficult. Often a few seconds of buying timing can determine profit and loss. Therefore, a large number of trading users use Dex Trading Bot to grab the opening of Meme coins. This process not only generates a large amount of gas fees, but also includes a fairly high proportion of bribery fees. The purpose is to get blockchain miners to package their own transactions first, so as to gain an advantage in Meme coin transactions.
Figure 1-3 shows that Dex Trading Bot projects (mainly Banana Gun and Maestro) rank third in terms of gas fee contribution, second only to Uniswap and Ethereum/stablecoin transfers.
Figure 1-3 Ethereum Base Fees destruction contribution ranking on the 30th
As a cross-chain compatible Dex Trading Bot project, Banana Gun is mainly active on the Ethereum chain. In the past 30 days, it has contributed gas fees of up to 1.73 million US dollars. It not only ranks first among all Dex Trading Bot projects, but also accounts for 3.68% of the entire Ethereum ecosystem, demonstrating its dominant position in the field of automated trading tools.
Maestro is also a multi-chain compatible Dex Trading Bot project with Ethereum as its main application scenario. It has generated $1.51 million in gas fees in the past 30 days, ranking second among Dex Trading Bot projects, accounting for 3.21% of the total gas fees in the Ethereum ecosystem, highlighting its important influence in the automated trading market.
The prominent position of the Dex Trading Bot track in the Ethereum ecosystem (gas fee contribution ranks third, accounting for about 6.9%) reflects its importance, and the head effect is obvious (Banana Gun and Maestro occupy more than 90% of the market share) The current situation not only shows the concentration of the track, but also indirectly reflects the reasonable popularity of Meme currency transactions on the Ethereum chain. This balance not only meets the transaction needs, but also avoids the negative effects that excessive speculation may have on normal ecological projects on the chain. influence, thereby providing strong support for the healthy development of the Ethereum ecosystem.
Cryptocurrency wallets
As the infrastructure of public chain user activities, the gas fee contribution of wallets not only reflects the real user activity on the chain, but also is a key indicator to measure the health of the public chain ecosystem. Data (Figure 1-4) shows that as the most widely used on-chain wallet project, MetaMask is the leader in the Ethereum ecosystem, contributing $2.91 million in gas fees (burning $940,000) in the past 30 days, accounting for about 2% of the entire Ethereum chain gas fees, highlighting the important position of the wallet track in the public chain ecosystem.
Figure 1-4 MetaMask contribution to gas fees (data source: https://defillama.com/fees/metamask)
On-chain transfer
Ethereum on-chain transfers, as the second-ranked on-chain behavior, burned $3.83 million in gas fees in the past month, and are estimated to contribute about $25.5 million in total gas fees, accounting for about 12% of the total gas fees in the Ethereum ecosystem, highlighting its important position in the ETH ecosystem and the strength of user demand.
MEV
MEV is a unique phenomenon in the transaction processing stage of blockchain. It is reflected on the Ethereum chain as an additional fee paid by users to speed up transactions. The base fee is destroyed, and the miner's tip belongs directly to the miner. This mechanism is more clear after the EIP-1559 upgrade. Excessive MEV demand often reflects the unhealthy development of the on-chain ecology, especially in the Meme coin project. Due to time sensitivity, users continue to increase MEV fees to gain an advantage. Therefore, the amount of MEV fees can also indirectly reflect the activity of the Meme coin project on the chain to some extent. The burning fee of MEV on the Ethereum chain is about 3.76 million US dollars, accounting for 8% of the total burning fee on the chain. This data shows that the behavior of participating in the Meme coin project is not dominant in the Ethereum ecosystem.
Ethereum Ecosystem Summary
The Ethereum ecosystem shows a diversified but concentrated development trend in several major areas. The DeFi track is far ahead with a 60% share of gas fees, highlighting its core position, but the internal sub-tracks are reasonably distributed. ETH transfers (12%), MEV (8%) and NFT (8%) follow closely behind, and these four categories account for 88% of the total gas consumption. The sub-tracks with the most on-chain gas fees are DEX (26%), on-chain transfers and stablecoins (17%), Dex Trading Bot (7%) and wallet tracks (3%), accounting for a total of 53%. Layer 2 solutions (6%) and smart contract creation (2%) account for a small proportion, reflecting that the ecological development may be in a "trough period". Despite this, this decentralized gas fee distribution still reflects the relatively balanced development of Ethereum's various tracks, without the phenomenon of excessive concentration in a single track, showing the overall health of the ecosystem.
Solana
Transaction Fee Structure
The fees and costs on the Solana chain can be divided into three parts:
Transaction Fees - Fees charged by validators for processing transactions/instructions
Priority Fee - An optional fee to increase the order in which a transaction is processed
Rent - A reserve balance to maintain on-chain data storage
The Solana chain stipulates that a fixed percentage of each transaction fee (initially 50%) is destroyed, and the remaining 50% belongs to the validator. The transaction fee rewards received by Solana stakers in the past 30 days are worth $23.1 million.
The popularity of the Meme coin project on the Solana chain has resulted in extremely high transaction time sensitivity, prompting users to significantly increase priority fees to gain the upper hand, thus significantly increasing the handling fees and bribery fee income of Solana pledgers.
Figure 2-1 Interaction ratio of each track within 30 on Solana chain
The amount of interaction on the Solana chain directly reflects the frequency of transactions on the chain, which is closely related to Solana's fee income. From the data in Figure 2-1, we can clearly see that the distribution of activities on the Solana chain is as follows:
DEX (decentralized exchange) activities are absolutely dominant, accounting for 86% of the share
Transmitters (which may refer to token issuance or other specific functions) account for 4%
Other activities account for 10%
DEX activity plays a central role in the Solana ecosystem.
On-chain economic activities
DEX
Figure 2-2 Percentage of DEX interactions on the Solana chain
The data in Figure 2-2 shows that Raydium and Orca account for 70%, becoming the main venues for activities on the Solana chain.
As the largest decentralized exchange in the Solana ecosystem, Raydium has generated US$52.37 million in transaction fees in the past 30 days. Statistics in Figure 2-3 show that its revenue mainly comes from Meme currency trading pairs, highlighting the role of speculative Meme currency trading. Solana’s current dominant position in the DeFi market and its significant contribution to platform revenue.
Figure 2-3 Raydium’s top trading pairs by revenue (data source: https://raydium.io/liquidity-pools/?tab=all&sort_by=fee)
As the second largest decentralized exchange in the Solana ecosystem, Orca generated $12.25 million in transaction fees in the past 30 days, of which more than 50% of the revenue came from Meme coin trading pairs, reflecting the continued influence of speculative Meme coin trading in the Solana DeFi market and its important contribution to the platform's revenue.
Figure 2-4 Top trading pairs in terms of revenue in Orca
(Data source: https://www.orca.so/pools)
Recent data from the Solana ecosystem shows that the DEX track accounts for 86% of on-chain interactions, and the estimated handling fee accounts for more than 80%, of which Raydium and Orca account for 70% of the DEX market. It is worth noting that Meme coin transactions account for more than 90% and 60% of these two DEXs, respectively. It is estimated that Meme coin transactions contribute more than 55% of the gas fees in the entire Solana ecosystem. Specifically, of Solana's gas fee income of US$46.21 million in the past 30 days, Meme coin transactions contributed approximately US$30 million. Although Meme coin transactions have increased on-chain activity and revenue in the short term, their essence is speculative behavior that continuously extracts funds from participants. Therefore, despite the impressive data performance, we believe that this development model driven mainly by Meme coins lacks sustainability, and the Solana ecosystem urgently needs to seek a more balanced and healthy growth path.
MEV
Figure 2-5 Solana chain MEV daily fee (data source: https://dune.com/ilemi/jitosol)
Figure 2-6 Solana chain MEV ratio
(Data source: https://beta-analysis.solscan.io/public/dashboard/06d689e1-dcd7-4175-a16a-efc074ad5ce2)
The Solana on-chain MEV (maximum extractable value) mechanism has shown a new development trend due to the surge in demand for Meme coin transactions, becoming one of the main features of on-chain transactions.
In the past 30 days, the transaction volume with priority fees (MEV) on the Solana chain accounted for 82.45% of the total transaction volume, indicating that the vast majority of transactions used the MEV mechanism. MEV fees account for as much as 80% of the handling fees, highlighting its importance in the Solana ecosystem. Specific data shows that Solana's handling fee income in the past 30 days was US$46.21 million, of which MEV fees exceeded US$30 million. These data further confirm the dominant position of Meme coin transactions in Solana's current ecosystem, and also reflect the phenomenon that users use the MEV mechanism in large quantities to seize the opportunity of Meme coin transactions.
Dex Trading Bot
Figure 2-7 Dex Trading Bot ranking
(Data source: https://dune.com/whale_hunter/dex-trading-bot-wars)
Through the analysis of the Dex Trading Bot transaction volume ranking, it was found that the top three Dex Trading Bot projects (Photon, Bonkbot and Trojan) accounted for more than 90% of the transaction share of this chain.
Photon's revenue in the last 30 days was $18.96 million
Bonkbot's revenue in the last 30 days was $3.35 million.
Trojan's revenue in the last 30 days was $11.36 million.
Based on the above data, the Dex Trading Bot project earned approximately US$33.67 million in 30 days on the Solana chain.
Solana Ecosystem Summary
About 80% of Solana’s on-chain transactions are contributed by Meme coin transactions. The monthly cost expenditure of Meme coin players is:
MEV Priority Fee: $30 million
Dex Trading Bot User Fee: $30 million
DEX transaction fees: $50 million
Estimated monthly loss for Memecoin players: $110 million
Based on the above data analysis, Solana’s current ecological prosperity model driven by Meme coins has significant sustainability risks. Although Meme currency trading has brought considerable on-chain activity and revenue to Solana in the short term, this model imposes a huge financial burden on participants. Fixed player losses exceeding US$100 million per month, annualized to US$1.3 billion, highlight the unsustainability of the current model.
The Meme coin project essentially lacks long-term value support, and its prosperity depends largely on continued capital inflows and user participation. However, as participants' losses continue to accumulate, market enthusiasm may be difficult to maintain. The Solana ecosystem faces severe challenges and needs to seek a more balanced and sustainable development path, reduce dependence on a single, high-risk track, and cultivate applications and projects that can create long-term value to ensure the healthy development and long-term prosperity of the ecosystem.
Solana ecosystem participants and decision makers carefully evaluate the current development model and formulate strategies to reduce dependence on Meme coin transactions, while actively exploring and supporting projects with substantial value and long-term development potential to build a more robust and sustainable blockchain ecosystem.
Tron
The Tron chain is uniquely designed. The on-chain fees are mainly used to compensate for network energy and bandwidth consumption, rather than node bribery.
Computational Energy Fee: Computational resources used to process and verify transactions.
Bandwidth fee: used to propagate transaction data in the blockchain network.
When bandwidth or energy is insufficient, users need to burn TRX payment transaction resources to promote TRX deflation.
The data in Figure 3-1 shows that since October 29, 2021, TRX circulation has shown a continued deflation trend. This phenomenon is mainly attributed to the widespread adoption of USDT on the Tron network and its significant growth in transaction volume. The continued expansion of stablecoin transfer activities provides strong support for TRX’s deflation mechanism and guarantees the sustainability of TRX’s economic model.
Figure 3-1 Statistics of the total circulation of TRX (data source: https://tronscan.org)
Figure 3-2 shows that, taking data on July 22, 2024 as an example, USDT transfers accounted for 94.51% of the activities on the Tron chain, highlighting its absolute dominance in the Tron ecosystem. The design advantages of the Tron chain include a low fixed 1U transfer fee (not affected by the amount), a fast block time of 3 seconds (compared to Ethereum’s 16 seconds), and no additional priority fees, making it a leader in on-chain payments. Have significant competitive advantages. These characteristics not only meet the market's demand for efficient and low-cost payment solutions, but also verify Tron's initial positioning as a payment public chain. These advantageous features of Tron have effectively attracted a large number of users, especially in the stablecoin transfer scenario, thus promoting the continued growth of on-chain activities and consolidating its key position in digital payment infrastructure.
Figure 3-2 Detailed breakdown of energy consumption of each project on the Tron chain on July 22, 2024 (data source: https://tronscan.org/#/data/charts/contracts/top-contracts)
The number of daily transactions on the Tron network has shown a strong growth trend, especially since 2024. This may reflect the expansion of the Tron ecosystem and the increase in user adoption. During July-August 2024, the transaction volume reached a new high, breaking through 8 million transactions several times and reaching a peak of nearly 9 million transactions. This was due to the Meme token hype craze that began to extend to the Tron public chain.
Figure 3-2 TRX transfer trend statistics (data source: https://tronscan.org)
In August 2024, Tron founder Justin Sun strategically announced his entry into the Meme track. This move quickly attracted a large number of Meme projects to settle in the Tron ecosystem. Data shows that as of August 20, the energy consumption structure on the Tron chain has changed significantly: although USDT transfers still account for the first place, the proportion has dropped to 52%, while decentralized exchange (DEX) activities accounted for The ratio surged to 47% from the previous 3%. This data change strongly confirms that the large-scale entry of Meme projects has brought significant growth in on-chain activities to Tron in the short term, reflecting the initial results of Justin Sun’s strategic deployment, and also indicating that the Tron ecosystem may be experiencing structural changes. change.
Figure 3-3 Detailed breakdown of energy consumption by project on the Tron chain on August 20, 2024
(Data source: https://tronscan.org/#/data/charts/contracts/top-contracts)
Although the proportion of USDT transfers in the overall ecosystem has dropped significantly, its actual energy consumption has remained stable, staying in the 80B-90B range. This phenomenon shows that although the introduction of the Meme project has significantly increased on-chain activities, it has not substantially affected the core business of the Tron ecosystem - USDT transfers. This not only highlights the importance of USDT transfer as a rigid demand of users, but also confirms its status as the cornerstone of the Tron ecosystem. This observation further implies that even if the Meme coin craze may recede in the future, the basic operations and stability of the Tron ecosystem are not expected to be significantly affected. This structural resilience provides strong support for Tron’s long-term development.
Although Tron's on-chain fee income is highly concentrated in USDT transfers, this concentration reflects users' rigid demand for stablecoin transfers. In addition, the huge stablecoin transfer income not only highlights users' high dependence on the Tron network, but also confirms the health and sustainability of the Tron ecosystem's gas fee income structure.
Summarize
This report deeply analyzes the revenue structure and sustainability of the three major public chains Ethereum, Solana and Tron, and draws the following key conclusions:
Ethereum: Demonstrating the most balanced and sustainable development model
Diversified sources of income: balanced development in multiple fields including DeFi (60%), ETH transfer (12%), MEV (8%) and NFT (8%).
Ecosystem health: Core applications such as DEX and stablecoin transfers account for a reasonable proportion, reflecting real and continuous user demand.
Innovation and Upgrade: Upgrades such as EIP-1559 optimize the charging mechanism and create long-term value through ETH destruction.
Long-term potential: Diversified application scenarios and continuous technological innovation provide Ethereum with strong long-term development momentum.
Solana: Rapid Growth but Sustainability Challenges
Revenue is highly concentrated: DEX activities account for 86%, of which Meme coin transactions contribute more than 55% of gas fees.
MEV is widely used: 82.45% of transactions use MEV, reflecting a highly speculative environment.
High user costs: Memecoin players lose an estimated $110 million per month, or $1.3 billion annually.
Sustainability risk: The model that relies too much on Meme coin transactions is difficult to maintain in the long term and requires strategic adjustments.
Tron: Focusing on the payment field and showing unique advantages
Stablecoin dominance: USDT transfers account for 94.51% of on-chain activity, reflecting its strong position in the payment space.
The technical advantages are obvious: low fees, fast confirmation and fixed fee model are suitable for large-scale payment applications.
Structural resilience: Even amid the meme coin craze, the core USDT transfer business remained stable.
Long-term sustainability: Stablecoin transfers based on rigid demand provide Tron with a reliable long-term source of income.
Comprehensive Assessment
Ethereum demonstrates the strongest long-term sustainability thanks to its diverse ecosystem and continued technological innovation.
Although Solana is growing rapidly, its model of over-reliance on Meme coin transactions poses significant risks and requires strategic transformation to ensure long-term development.
Tron has established a unique market position and a sustainable revenue model by focusing on the payment sector, especially stablecoin transfers.
