Key Points

  • ZKThreads is a framework that can improve the performance and scalability of decentralized applications (DApps) using zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs).

  • ZKThreads can offer benefits in the form of improved user experience, lower transaction costs, and greater security.

  • ZKThreads can be used in various applications such as decentralized exchanges (DEXs), session-based games, zk-secured middleware, and blockchain AI systems.

Introduction

Security, composability, and interoperability are fundamental to the efficient performance of decentralized applications (DApps), but they are often difficult to balance. ZKThreads proposes a potential solution to this trilemma. In this article, we will explore what ZKThreads is, how it works, how it differs from other zk solutions, some of its benefits and use cases.

What is ZKThreads?

ZKThreads is a zero-knowledge framework that improves the performance and scalability of DApps. It leverages Starknet capabilities to create a standardized environment for developing and running interoperable applications on the blockchain.

How does ZKThreads work?

1. Deploying application logic

The process begins with deploying the application logic into the ZKThreads application's contracts. These contracts are basically the rules and procedures that govern how an application operates.

2. Batch Transactions

Instead of handling each transaction individually, ZKThreads groups multiple transactions into a single batch. This makes processing more efficient if done in large quantities.

3. Creation of evidence

Next, a cryptographic proof called a STARK proof is created to ensure that all transactions in the batch are valid and have been processed according to the rules of the contract.

4. Verification

The STARK proof is then sent to the Layer-2 sequencer, where it is checked against the official registration of DApps. Official registration refers to the verified and accepted status of an application.

ZKThread Verifier, a Starknet contract, checks the proof to ensure its accuracy. It checks for double spending, ensures that all transactions are authorized, and controls whether the resulting state is consistent with the rules of the blockchain.

If the proof is valid, ZKThread Verifier updates the DApps' official state record. If the proof is invalid, the changes are rejected, guaranteeing the integrity of the application.

ZKThreads vs. other ZK solutions

Data management

ZKThreads is designed to store state and transaction data outside the blockchain, while using zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) to validate transactions . This differs from many traditional zero-knowledge rollups (zk-rollups) that move computation off-chain but still store transaction data on-chain. 

By keeping all data off the blockchain, ZKThreads can reduce the data load on the main blockchain considerably, which increases scalability and reduces costs. On the other hand, zk-rollups, like zkSync, publish batch transaction data to the blockchain periodically, ensuring that the base layer handles data availability.

Interoperability

ZKThreads prioritizes interoperable applications, reducing fragmentation and ensuring that different DApps can interact seamlessly within the same ecosystem. On the other hand, other solutions like zkEVM focus more on compatibility.

Validation mechanism

The verification process in ZKThreads involves creating STARK proofs that validate the correctness of batch transactions and state changes. These proofs are then verified against the official status of the DApps. In comparison, some zk-rollups like zkSync use zk-SNARKs or zk-STARKs to create cryptographic proofs that are verified on the blockchain.

Benefits of ZKThreads

Improved user experience

ZKThreads enhances user experience by enabling hassle-free interaction between different DApps. Users can access multiple applications without having to switch between networks.

Lower costs

By grouping transactions and processing them all at once, ZKThreads reduces the number of transactions that need to be recorded on the main blockchain. This reduces transaction fees for users, making DApps more accessible.

Additionally, it stores state and transaction data outside the blockchain, maintaining security and integrity through ZKPs. This reduces the data load on the blockchain, leading to lower gas fees.

Enhanced security

ZKThreads uses ZKPs to increase security. ZKPs allow validation of transactions without revealing the underlying data, maintaining privacy. Furthermore, they ensure that all transactions are processed according to predefined rules, preventing unauthorized activities.

ZKThreads use cases

L2 decentralized exchanges

ZKThreads can make DEXs on Starknet more efficient, reducing users' transaction fees. Normally, DEXs on Starknet would be impractical as users would have to pay fees for each trade. With ZKThreads, users only pay fees when withdrawing their funds, reducing the total cost of trading and making DEXs more convenient and accessible.

Session-Based Games

In session-based games like poker and chess, ZKThreads can help aggregate rates. Instead of charging a fee for each move, players only pay a fee at the end of the game when the final results are recorded on Starknet. This allows developers to create a wider range of games entirely within the blockchain without worrying about high transaction costs.

Zk-secured shared liquidity and middleware infrastructure

ZKThreads provides a secure and efficient framework for middleware applications such as oracles and bridges. By building functionality directly into a ZKThread, these applications can leverage ZKPs to ensure security and interoperability.

IA and blockchain

ZKThreads provides the computing power needed to run AI models directly on the blockchain. This means that an AI program can be managed within a ZKThread, keeping its key data and operations consistent. These AI models can be used by different applications such as games, social media platforms, and productivity tools.

Final considerations

ZKThreads is a framework for building secure and scalable DApps using ZKPs. It can be used for DEXs on Starknet, session-based games, and middleware applications. Unlike other zk solutions, ZKThreads emphasizes interoperability, keeps all data off the blockchain, and uses a differentiated verification mechanism. Looking ahead, ZKThreads has the potential to greatly improve the performance and usability of DApps.

Further reading

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