Getting to Know Sui
Sui is a layer-1 permissionless blockchain developed by a former Meta team. Designed as a smart contract platform, Sui aims to fulfill various needs within a single ecosystem. The project's announcement, alongside Aptos, marks Sui's presence in the trend of layer-1 crypto projects attempting to compete with Ethereum.
The Sui development team claims that the platform is capable of processing more than 100,000 transactions per second (TPS). Sui's uniqueness lies in its parallel transaction execution through an object-centric processing approach, distinguishing it from conventional blockchains.
As mentioned earlier, the Sui development team consists of former Meta developers, who also created the Move programming language. Move is used by both Sui and Aptos. Since its announcement, Sui has gone through two funding rounds, namely series A and B, with a total funding of $336 million, approaching the amount raised by Aptos, which is $350 million. Currently, Sui has recently completed its second testing phase on the testnet, with the participation of 41 validators processing 36.5 million transactions from 1.6 million addresses.
Sui Technology
1. Sui Move: A New Foundation for Secure Smart Contracts
Sui Move serves as a tool to define, create, and manage Sui objects programmatically to represent assets at the user level. By adding new functionalities to Move, Sui also imposes additional constraints to enhance its security level. Sui Move can be considered as a programming language specifically designed to create smart contracts on the Sui platform.
Additionally, this program is developed alongside Sui Prover, a tool that checks the code within smart contracts to ensure security and proper functionality. Sui Prover can be applied in various stages of smart contract testing, providing developers with convenience in ensuring the security of their applications.
The main concept in Sui Move is the smart contract referred to as a Package. Each Package contains various separate modules that define specific functions. The modular system facilitates implementation and optimization, and when a module is updated, all smart contracts using that module automatically switch to the latest version. Sui has also published specific documents providing guidance on how to create smart contracts in Move, offering valuable information sources for developers working with this platform.
2. Processing Object-Based Transactions: A New Paradigm in Blockchain
It is noteworthy that Sui chooses not to order transactions based on time sequence because the platform processes transactions based on objects, not transaction subjects like addresses or accounts, to enhance network efficiency. In this approach, each object can only be processed by its owner's address, ensuring a security level comparable to other blockchains.
In the Sui structure, object-based transactions are divided into two categories: single-owner objects and shared objects. Objects are essentially terms for data in the Sui network, with each object having a unique ID, and smart contracts in Sui are referred to as Sui Move Packages.
Single-owner objects are individual objects processed one by one, such as creating NFTs and transferring assets. Each single-owner object is owned by only one address, although an address can own many objects. On the other hand, shared objects are objects used by more than one user simultaneously, such as in auctions and DEXs with order books. A shared object can be owned by multiple addresses.
These two types of objects are processed differently. Single-owner objects do not require a consensus system and can be directly processed by validators without any specific order, with Sui using the Fastpay system for these types of objects. Meanwhile, shared objects involve the Bullshark and Narwhal consensus mechanisms, which process transactions in a structured manner, with each shared object storing its own transaction history. Processing transactions from both types of objects can be illustrated as different paths, allowing Sui to validate transactions in parallel, enhancing network efficiency and performance.
3. Narwhal and Bullshark: Efficient Consensus Mechanisms Making Sui Efficient
The consensus mechanisms in Sui utilize two Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)-based protocols, namely Narwhal and Bullshark. Both of these consensus protocols operate using Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS). Each of these protocols functions differently and complements each other in achieving consensus. It is important to note that Sui's consensus mechanism is specifically used to process shared object transactions organized based on causality, not transaction time sequence.
In its operation, Sui adopts Narwhal as the mempool and Bullshark as the consensus engine to arrange transactions requiring causality. Narwhal is responsible for ensuring the availability of data sent to the consensus process, while Bullshark has the role of approving a specific sequence of this data.
These two protocols work synergistically to synchronize transactions among validators and periodically check the overall status of the Sui network. Thus, Narwhal and Bullshark complement each other to ensure the efficiency and operational integrity of Sui's consensus mechanism.
Sui Transactions
Like many other layer-1 blockchains, Sui adopts a proof-of-stake (PoS) architecture as its primary consensus mechanism. In a PoS network, validators are utilized to process transactions. Additionally, Sui also supports smart contracts, which are written using the Move programming language.
This programming language bears similarities to Rust, which is used by platforms like Near, Solana, and Polkadot. Sui makes adjustments to the Move programming language to meet its specific needs, and the modified version is referred to as Sui Move.
Sui stands out with a fundamental difference from various other blockchains. Generally, blockchains store transaction data chronologically, from the earliest to the latest transactions, as seen with Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Solana. However, Sui adopts an approach where most transactions are processed without following a specific order.
Nevertheless, some transactions in Sui are organized based on causality, where transactions 1, 2, and 3 are closely related to each other. In this context, Sui maintains the transaction history that has this interconnection, from the genesis phase to the latest. This approach reflects Sui's innovation in storing and managing transaction data within the blockchain ecosystem.
1. Transaction Validation System Based on Objects: Flexibility without Time Constraints
Essentially, Sui does not sequence transactions based on time order. This is due to the fact that Sui processes transactions based on objects, not transaction subjects like addresses or accounts, with the aim of enhancing network efficiency. Each object can only be processed by its owner's address, thus maintaining a security level equivalent to other blockchains.
In the Sui ecosystem, transactions made based on objects are divided into two categories: single-owner objects and shared objects. Single-owner objects are individual objects processed one by one, such as creating NFTs or sending and receiving assets. Each single-owner object is owned by one address, while one address can own many objects. On the other hand, shared objects are objects used by more than one user simultaneously, for example, in auctions or DEXs with order books. A shared object can be owned by multiple addresses.
These two types of objects are treated differently in their processes. Single-owner objects do not need to go through a consensus system and can be directly processed by validators without any specific order, with Sui using the Fastpay-based system for these types of objects. Conversely, shared objects involve the Bullshark and Narwhal consensus mechanisms that process transactions in a structured manner. Each shared object stores its own transaction history. As an illustration, processing transactions from both types of objects can be envisioned as different paths, allowing Sui to validate transactions in parallel, enhancing network efficiency and overall performance.
2. Parallel Transactions and Horizontal Scalability: High Efficiency without Compromising Security
The object-based transaction processing approach brings Sui to the advantage of parallel transaction execution. As seen in the illustration, transactions can be processed without requiring a specific order as long as the involved objects are not interrelated. Thus, in this scenario, communication among validators is not required, except for handling transactions involving the same object.
Essentially, each transaction is treated on separate paths referred to as the multi-lane approach by Sui. Independent transactions can be processed by validators without network-level synchronization. The concept of "blocks" does not exist in the Sui network because transactions are processed one by one. This approach aims to reduce latency and the time required for validation.
Transaction processing for single-owner objects does not require communication among validators, allowing each validator to process them efficiently. The process starts with a quorum driver (validator full node, RPC provider, or custodial wallet) that verifies transaction validity and adds a signature to valid transactions. Subsequently, the quorum driver collects signatures that reach or exceed 2/3 of the total staking and converts them into certificates. These certificates are then received and processed by a group of validators before being returned to the quorum driver, signifying transaction completion.
The majority of transactions do not have interconnections with each other, so chronological sequencing in blocks becomes unnecessary and can be considered as inefficient resource usage. Sui frees its network from this burden.
In shared objects situations, after validators receive certificates, Narwhal is used to deliver certificates to Bullshark for sequencing. Narwhal and Bullshark function as Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)-based mempool with consensus mechanisms supporting Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT).
Sui overcomes critical barriers often encountered in most blockchains, namely the need for global consensus on a chronologically ordered transaction list. Thus, Sui can achieve horizontal scalability by opening up as many transaction validation paths as possible. The more validators, the more paths available to process transactions. Additionally, validators can enhance their machine capabilities to open more transaction processing paths. This horizontal scalability becomes one of the main advantages frequently cited in the context of Sui.
3. Sui Move and Sui Prover: Simplifying Development and Ensuring Security
Sui Move serves as a tool to define, create, and manage Sui objects programmatically to represent assets at the user level. By adding new functionalities to Move, Sui also imposes additional constraints to enhance its security level. Additionally, Sui Move is identified as the programming language used to create smart contracts on the Sui platform.
In its development, Sui Move is developed alongside Sui Prover, a tool that checks the code within smart contracts to ensure security and proper functionality. Sui Prover can be used in various stages of smart contract testing, providing developers with convenience in ensuring the safety of their applications. As for smart contracts on Sui Move, they are named "Packages". Each Package contains various separate modules, each defining specific functions. The modular system facilitates implementation and optimization, and when a module is updated, all smart contracts using that module automatically adopt the latest version.
Sui has also published specific documents providing guidance on how to create smart contracts in Move, offering valuable resources for developers working with this platform.
Why should buy sui
Advantages of the Sui Blockchain
Sui possesses several advantages when compared to various other blockchains. Below are some key advantages of the Sui blockchain that are worth noting:
1. Parallel Transaction Processing: High Leverage in Network Performance
Sui adopts an object-based transaction processing approach, rather than account or address-based. With this system, Sui enables parallel transaction processing, where objects can be processed independently in separate lanes. There is no sequencing of transactions based on time, resulting in increased Throughput per Second (TPS), reduced latency, and enhanced efficiency of the Sui network.
2. Horizontal Scalability: Facing Network Growth with Resilience
Through its parallel system, the Sui network achieves horizontal scalability. The more validators involved, the more transaction validation paths can be opened. The computing power of each validator also influences the number of transaction paths that can be opened. This scalability is practically unlimited as the network is not burdened by the storage of ordered blockchain data, as seen in Bitcoin and Ethereum.
3. Sui Move: Setting a New Standard in Smart Contract Development
Sui Move is the result of Sui's modification of the Move programming language, used to create and manage smart contracts on the Sui platform. The advantage of Sui Move primarily lies in its enhanced security aspect, providing additional protection against potential security threats.
4. Efficient Consensus Mechanisms: Ensuring Network Speed and Resilience
Sui implements Bullshark and Narwhal as Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)-based consensus mechanisms. Both protocols are designed to process transactions quickly and minimize gas costs. Sui's consensus mechanisms are highly efficient as they are specifically applied to shared object transactions, significantly reducing workload.
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