Almost all second layer projects such as Arbitrum | Polygon | Optimisim uses a multi-signature wallet method to secure network assets.

This means that billions of dollars on these networks are controlled (literally) by a small number of individuals. (3~5 mostly).

Of course, there are risks:

-Technically these people can steal all network assets.

- The presence of a central authority that controls network assets = the possibility of it being subject to regulation and government orders.

- Wallet keys can be stolen/leaked and entire network assets stolen.

The last scenario is exactly what happened in the Ronin network hack, the largest theft in the industry, as hackers succeeded in stealing 5 of the 9 keys required to sign a theft worth $625 million.