Original title: Market Making: Predatory or Essential?
Original author: Min Jung
Original translation: TechFlow
Summary
Market makers contribute greatly to reducing volatility and transaction costs by providing a large amount of liquidity, ensuring efficient trade execution, enhancing investor confidence, and making markets function more smoothly.
Market makers use a variety of structures to provide liquidity, the most common being token lending protocols and retention models. In token lending protocols, market makers borrow tokens from projects to ensure market liquidity for a specific period (usually 1-2 years) and are compensated in the form of call options. On the other hand, the retention model involves market makers being compensated for maintaining liquidity over the long term, usually through monthly fees.
As in traditional markets, clear rules and regulations for market maker activities play a vital role in the smooth functioning of the cryptocurrency market. The cryptocurrency market is still in its early stages and there is an urgent need for reasonable regulations to prevent illegal practices and ensure fair competition. Such regulations will greatly help promote market liquidity and protect investors.
Which market do you want to trade?
Source: Presto Research Presto Research
Recent events in the cryptocurrency market have sparked a surge of interest in market makers and the concept of market making. However, market makers are often misunderstood and viewed as an opportunity to manipulate prices, including the infamous pump and dump schemes, and accurate information about the true role of market makers in financial markets is scarce. It is common for emerging projects to remain blind to the significance of market makers and often question the need for them as their tokens are about to be listed. Against this backdrop, this article aims to explain what market makers are, the importance of their role, and their function in the cryptocurrency market.
What is a market maker?
Market makers play a vital role in maintaining continuous liquidity in the market. They usually do this by providing both buy and sell quotes. By buying from sellers and selling to buyers, they create an environment where market participants can trade at any time.
This can be likened to the role of used car dealers that we often see in our daily lives. Just as these dealers allow us to sell our current vehicles and buy used cars at any time, market makers perform a similar function within the financial markets. Global market maker Citadel provides the following definition of market makers:
Figure 2: Traditional financial markets define the role of market makers
Source: Presto Research
Market makers are also crucial in traditional financial markets. On Nasdaq, there are an average of about 14 market makers per stock, for a total of about 260 market makers. In addition, in markets that are less liquid than stocks, such as bonds, commodities, and foreign exchange, most transactions are conducted through market makers.
Profits and risks of market makers
Market makers make a profit through the difference between the bid and ask prices of financial instruments. Since the ask price is higher than the bid price, market makers make a profit by buying the financial instrument at a lower price and selling the same financial instrument at a higher price (i.e. the bid-ask spread).
Figure 3: Bid-ask spread
Consider a situation where a market maker simultaneously offers a bid of $27,499 and an ask of $27,501 for an asset. If these orders are executed, the market maker buys the asset at $27,499 and sells it at $27,501, thereby making a profit of $2 ($27,501 - $27,499), which represents the bid-ask spread.
This concept is consistent with the used car dealer example mentioned earlier, where the dealer buys a used car and then sells it at a slightly higher price, profiting from the difference between the buying and selling prices.
However, it is important to note that not all market making activities generate profits, and market makers can indeed incur losses. In rapidly volatile markets, the price of a particular asset may move sharply in one direction, resulting in only one bid or one ask being executed, but not both. Market makers also face inventory risk, which is the risk associated with not being able to sell an asset. This risk exists because market makers always hold a portion of their market making assets to provide liquidity.
For example, in one scenario, a used car dealer buys a car but cannot find a buyer, and the recession causes used car prices to fall, so the dealer will suffer financial losses.
Why do we need market making?
Provides a large amount of liquidity
The main goal of market making is to ensure that the market has sufficient liquidity. Liquidity refers to the extent to which an asset can be quickly and easily converted into cash without causing financial loss. High market liquidity reduces the transaction cost impact of any given trade, minimizes losses, and allows for efficient execution of large orders without causing significant price fluctuations. Essentially, market makers facilitate investors to buy and sell tokens faster, in larger quantities, and more easily at any given time without causing major disruption.
Figure 4: Why liquidity matters
Source: Presto Research
For example, an investor needs to buy 40 tokens immediately, in a highly liquid market (Order Book A), they can immediately buy 40 tokens at $100 per token. However, in a less liquid market (Order Book B), they have two options: 1) buy 10 tokens at $101.2, 5 tokens at $102.6, 10 tokens at $103.1, 15 tokens at $105.2, an average price of $103.35, or 2) wait a longer period of time for the tokens to reach the desired price.
Reduce volatility
As the previous example shows, the large amount of liquidity provided by market makers helps mitigate price volatility. In the above scenario, after the investor has just purchased 40 tokens, the next available price in order book B is $105.2. This suggests that one trade was responsible for a price move of approximately 5%. In real-world cryptocurrency markets, even small transactions can trigger significant price changes for assets with very low liquidity. This is especially true during periods of market volatility, when fewer participants can cause significant price movements. Therefore, market makers play a key role in reducing price volatility by bridging this supply and demand gap.
Figure 5: How market makers help reduce volatility
Source: Presto Research
The role of market makers described above ultimately helps to strengthen investor confidence in a project. Every investor wants to be able to buy and sell their holdings as needed with minimal transaction costs. However, if investors believe that the bid-ask spread is wide, or that it takes a considerable amount of time to execute the desired number of trades, they may become discouraged despite their positive views of the project. Therefore, if market makers are continuously active in the market and provide liquidity, it will not only lower the entry barrier for investors, but also incentivize them to invest. This action, in turn, brings more liquidity, forming a virtuous circle and promoting an environment where investors can trade with confidence.
Crypto Projects ↔ Market Makers
Although there are many forms of contract structures between market makers and projects in the crypto market, including token loan + prepaid contract structure, the most widely used contract structure (token loan + call option) works as follows:
Figure 6: Project<->Market Maker Structure
Source: Presto Research
Project → Market Maker
Market makers borrow tokens from projects for the market making process. In the early stages of a token listing, tokens are often in short supply due to the small number of tokens available on the market. To offset this imbalance, market makers borrow tokens from projects, usually for an average period of 1-2 years (equivalent to the term of the market making contract) to ensure market liquidity.
In return for their market making services, market makers receive the right to exercise a call option when the loan matures. This call option gives them the right to purchase the token at a predetermined price. Since the project has limited cash resources, it does not rely on fiat currency, but instead offers call options as compensation. In addition, the value of the call option is directly related to the price of the token, providing market makers with protection against early high-sell scams.
Market Maker → Project
Market makers provide services by negotiating with the project party during the contract period of borrowing tokens to ensure maximum spread and sufficient liquidity. This arrangement is conducive to trading in a good liquidity environment.
In short, market makers borrow tokens from projects, obtain call options, and provide services with the goal of ensuring liquidity within a specific spread during the borrowing period. But it should be noted that legitimate market makers will not make any commitments on prices.
Insufficient regulation of market makers in the cryptocurrency market
The negative perception of market makers in the cryptocurrency market is mainly due to its lack of regulation compared to traditional financial markets. In US stock markets such as NASDAQ and NYSE, market makers must maintain bid and ask prices for at least 100 shares and are obliged to fulfill orders if corresponding orders appear (see Figure 7). There are also very specific requirements for market makers, such as only placing orders within a certain range (e.g., within an 8% or 30% range for large-cap stocks). These measures prevent market makers from placing the above two orders at ridiculous prices (far away from the highest bid price/lowest ask price) and only place corresponding orders when there is a profit opportunity.
Figure 7: New York Stock Exchange rules on market making
Source: Presto Research
However, as mentioned earlier, market making in the cryptocurrency market remains relatively underregulated. Unlike in traditional financial markets, there is no separate license or regulator overseeing these operations.
As a result, we often see news reports about companies illegally profiting under the guise of “market making.” The biggest problem is that while traditional exchanges like Nasdaq enforce strict penalties and regulations for illegal market making activities, the decentralized cryptocurrency market lacks substantive penalties for deceptive market making practices. This clearly exposes a glaring lack of regulatory oversight, highlighting the need for the same level of regulation in the cryptocurrency market as in traditional financial markets.
in conclusion
Despite regulatory deficiencies that allow for grey areas in crypto market making, market makers will continue to play a key role in the market. Their function of purchasing financial instruments from sellers and selling them to buyers to provide liquidity remains fundamental. Especially in illiquid crypto markets, market makers help reduce transaction costs and volatility, thereby fostering an environment where investors can trade with greater confidence. Therefore, by incorporating market makers into the system and promoting fair competition and sound market making practices, we can expect an environment where investors can trade with greater assurance.
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