For retail investors with smaller amounts of capital, USD0++ is equivalent to a liquidity honeypot, and they need to be cautious when participating.
Written by: @Web3Mario
This article was originally published on August 16, 2024
Summary: This week, I continued to study the relevant documents of Telegram API. I have to complain a little bit. I am not very flattered about the style of Telegram documents. It feels a bit "Russian hardcore". In my spare time, I chatted with friends and talked about a very interesting stablecoin project, Usual Money, which seems to have been popular recently. Since the author has always maintained an interest in the research of stablecoin projects, I immediately spent some time to do some research. I have some experience to share with you, hoping that you can look at or participate in this project more cautiously. In general, I think the core innovation of Usual Money lies in the design of tokenomics. By using the profits of interest-bearing collateral as the value support of its governance token $Usual, and by encapsulating a 4-year bond product USD0++, the liquidity of USD0 is reduced, ensuring the relative stability of the above profit flow. However, for retail investors with smaller funds, USD0++ is equivalent to a liquidity honeypot, and they need to be cautious when participating.
Analysis of Usual Money's mechanism and core selling points
After the points activity started last month, some PR soft articles have appeared on the Chinese Internet to introduce Usual Money. Interested friends can learn about it by themselves. Here is a brief review and some interesting information. When reading other introduction articles, it is mentioned that the founder of Usual Money is a former French politician. I once thought that it should be an image of a politician who is old and uses his influence to seek a generous pension for himself at the end of his political career. But in fact, the founder is very young, Pierre Person, who was born on January 22, 1989 and served as a member of the National Assembly of the 6th District of Paris from 2017 to 2022. In his political career, he mainly served as an election staff and political ally of French President Macron. He belongs to the French Socialist Party and belongs to the left on the political spectrum. During his tenure, he was involved in bills such as LGBT medical care and marijuana legalization, so he basically fits the image of a typical "white left elite".
Considering his political background, it is understandable that he chose to "abandon politics and go into business" this year, because the Renaissance Party (centrist) led by Macron lost to the left-wing coalition "New Popular Front" in the 2024 National Assembly elections, and was not far behind the far-right National Rally, which was in third place. This basically means that the political environment in France is becoming more extreme, just like most Western countries. As a representative of the establishment and an important political ally of Macron, Pierre Person's choice to change careers at this time is a wise choice.
The reason for adding this information is to help everyone see what the founder's sustenance is for the project, which determines how much resources he is willing to invest in it. Back to Usual Money, this is a stablecoin protocol, and its core mechanism includes a total of three tokens. The first is USD0, which is a stablecoin issued at a 1:1 ratio with RWA assets as reserves. The second is USD0++, which is a tradable certificate for a 4-year USD0 bond designed by it. The third is Usual, its governance token.
We know that the current stablecoin track is divided into three categories according to the direction of evolution. They mainly include:
Efficient medium of exchange: This type of project mainly refers to fiat-backed stablecoins such as USDT and USDC. Their main use value is to connect real-world assets with on-chain assets. Therefore, the focus of these projects is on how to create more liquidity for issued assets, thereby bringing users a better trading experience and increasing adoption.
Anti-censorship: This type of project mainly refers to crypto-asset-collateralized decentralized stablecoins such as DAI and FRAX. Their main use value is to provide value storage and risk hedging capabilities for funds with high privacy requirements under the premise of anti-censorship. Therefore, the construction focus of these projects is on how to increase the stability of the protocol as much as possible while ensuring the degree of decentralization of the protocol, and to have a stronger fault tolerance in dealing with risks such as bank runs;
Yield-based low-volatility wealth management product certificates: This type of project mainly refers to USDe, etc., which packages a certificate of a low-risk wealth management product with Delta risk neutrality into a stablecoin. Their main use value is to capture more income for users and to ensure the low volatility of the principal as much as possible. Therefore, the construction center of these projects is how to find more low-risk and high-return investment portfolios.
In the actual evolution of the project, these attributes are intertwined, but usually the core innovation of a project is one of the above three. Usual Money belongs to the third category. Therefore, its main core selling point is to bring benefits to users through USD0. So let's take a look at how Usual Money is designed. When judging a stablecoin project, it is usually analyzed from two dimensions: stability and growth. Products like USD0 usually have relatively strong growth and are slightly weaker in stability.
First of all, in terms of stability, USD0 adopts the current mainstream 100% reserve design, rather than the over-collateralization mechanism. Similar ones include Fei, the current version of FRAX, Grypscope, etc. Simply put, you pay a sum of money to mint an equivalent stablecoin from the protocol, and at the same time, this part of your funds will be 100% reserved as the reserve of the newly issued stablecoin, which serves as the value support of the stablecoin. The mechanism selected by USD0 is to make some choices on the type of reserves accepted. It chooses to use a basket of RWA assets as the reserve of USD0, where RWA assets specifically refer to short-term US Treasury bonds and US overnight reverse repo bonds. At the current early stage, there is only one kind of reserve for USD0, which is USYC issued by Hashnote, which is an RWA on-chain asset that meets the above requirements. Users can choose to use USYC to mint USD0 from Usual Money at the same value, or of course, USDC, but the agent is responsible for exchanging it into USYC.
This has two benefits:
While ensuring that the risk is extremely low, it provides a real source of income for the protocol;
By aggregation, liquidity is brought to early-stage RWA assets.
In fact, most similar projects are similar in the first point. Even projects like USDT and USDC actually operate in this way. Therefore, the core innovation of Usual Money lies in how the income is distributed. This is the core of its mechanism. USD0++, in simple terms, is a 4-year USD0 tradable bond. It should be noted that holding USD0 does not actually generate any income. Only after exchanging USD0 for USD0++ that needs to be locked for 4 years can the income be captured. This is similar to the design of Ethena. Of course, during the duration, users can sell USD0++ in the secondary market and discount it in advance in exchange for liquidity.
It is worth noting here that the source of USD0++ income and the way of income distribution. First of all, it should be emphasized that the source of USD0++ income only corresponds to the RWA income corresponding to the assets you paid. Rather than dividing the total income generated by all reserves according to the proportion. Secondly, in terms of income distribution, Usual Money provides two options. First, you can hold USD0++, then the reward will be issued in the form of Usual tokens, which is the average yield of the current RWA. Second, you can choose to lock it for 6 months. After the lock-up period expires, you can choose to get all tokens in the form of USD0 or Usual tokens, but if you unlock it during the lock-up process, you will not be able to obtain the income generated during the lock-up period.
To illustrate, let’s assume that the current average APY of Usual Money reserves is 4.5%. You purchased $100 of USD0 and converted it to USD0++. You now have two options:
If you hold on to it, you can get a Usual token reward worth 0.0123 USD (100 * 4.5% / 365) every day. Of course, if you add in the Usual appreciation, your income may be magnified, or vice versa, which is the so-called USD0++ Alpha Yield.
You can choose to lock it for 6 months, assuming that the average APY remains unchanged at 4.5% during these 6 months. After the 6 months expire, you can choose to get USD0 worth 2.214 USD or Usual tokens worth 2.214 USD. This avoids the risk of reduced returns due to Usual price fluctuations during the duration. This is called Base Interest Guarantee (BIG).
This means that only the income of RWA assets corresponding to USD0++ within the 6-month lock-up period may be actually distributed, and the expected rate of return is only the average level of RWA. In addition, the income corresponding to the rest of the RWA assets will be reserved and managed by the protocol as the value support of Usual tokens. Of course, how this part of the assets is specifically connected with Usual tokens will require more mechanism details to be announced, but it is likely to be a repurchase or something like that.
The interests of all parties in Usual Money and why it is a liquidity honeypot designed for retail investors
After understanding the mechanism design of Usual Money, let’s analyze the stakeholders involved in Usual Money and their respective interests. We can roughly divide them into six roles: VC or investors, RWA issuers, KOLs, whales, project owners, and retail investors;
First of all, for VCs or investors, their core interest is the value of Usual tokens. We see that the investment institutions and fundraising scale of Usual Money are relatively good. This also reflects the confidence of the entire mechanism design in ensuring the value support of Usual tokens. It can be estimated that the project has a strong ability to mobilize the enthusiasm of VCs or Usual investors. Mobilizing more people to participate in the USD0 protocol through senior endorsements, or even directly locking it into USD++ will greatly help the price stability of Usual Money. Therefore, you will be more likely to see the support voices of relevant people on social media.
Secondly, for RWA issuers, we also know from the previous introduction that Usual Money is a good liquidity solution for RWA issuers. Frankly speaking, the adoption of RWA-type tokens in the current market is not high. The reason is that the yield of assets in the real world is often lower than that in the Web3 field, so it is not very attractive to the funds in the crypto world. After integrating Usual Money, since the focus of user participation has shifted from RWA to potential Alpha returns, the user funds attracted will be seamlessly and imperceptibly converted into corresponding RWA, which indirectly creates demand and liquidity for RWA, so they are also happy to support it.
Next is KOL. Here we need to see whether KOL has a buyer's mindset or a seller's mindset. Because in the current Usual Money points activity, the design of commission sharing is based on invitations. If a KOL hopes to gain this part of the benefits, he or she will of course attach his or her invitation code after posting a like.
For whale users, usually due to their financial advantages, they will control a considerable portion of Usual token incentives, especially considering that the proportion of Usual's tokenomics design seems to be allocated to the community, accounting for 90%. After the above analysis, we know that since the term of USD0++ is 4 years, this means that participants will be more susceptible to greater discount rate fluctuations. However, for whales, an interesting design in Usual Money can be used to circumvent this problem, Parity Arbitrage Right (PAR). Simply put, when USD0++ has a large deviation in the secondary market, the DAO believes it is necessary to unlock a portion of USD0++ in advance to restore the liquidity of USD0++ in the secondary market. In this process, whales naturally have a heavier voice. When they think it is necessary to launch in advance, they can easily use this clause to reduce the discount rate, or reduce transaction slippage.
The above mechanism is also important for the project party, because in the process of restoring liquidity, it is actually equivalent to arbitrage transactions, and the interest generated by this part of the transaction will be managed by the project treasury. Therefore, maintaining a certain discount rate can bring benefits to the project party, which just corresponds to the exit cost of retail investors.
Finally, retail investors are the only weak and passive party in this agreement. First of all, if you choose to participate in USD0++, you will have a 4-year lock-up period. We know that in the bond market, the longer the duration, the greater the risk premium. However, the potential yield of USD0++ is only at the level of short-term US Treasury bonds. In other words, more risks are taken, but the lowest returns are obtained. When retail investors exit, they will not have the advantages of whale users in DAO governance, so it must mean that they need to bear a larger discount rate cost. Since these costs are an important source of income for the project party, it is unlikely that they will be taken care of by the project party.
Especially considering that the Federal Reserve has entered a rate cut cycle in the future, facing lower and lower yields, the capital efficiency of retail investors participating in USD0++ will be further compressed. At the same time, since rate cuts mean that bond prices will also rise, the gains from the appreciation of RWA will be used as nutrients for the appreciation of Usual, which retail investors will not get. Therefore, I think this is a beautiful liquidity honeypot woven by many elites for retail investors. Everyone must be cautious when participating. Perhaps for small capital users, it is more cost-effective to properly allocate some Usual than to earn USD0++.
