After converting the MD5 function into a design consisting of 110 NOR or NOT gates, it is implemented using DNA design: 1. High-quality components related to cell communication and logic signal processing: The sub-circuit carried by each cell node is based on the phage inhibitor protein-promoter library, the inducible expression system, and the four orthogonal send-receive cell communication system design. These components have been finely characterized so that they can be connected with subsequent automated design software.

Upgraded version of Cello software expanded to multi-cellular systems: Cello is essentially a programming language for designing DNA circuits in living cells. Cello encodes the logic we want to implement into a DNA sequence that can be based on transcription-based logic gates for execution in bacteria. This process was originally only implemented in single-cell species. The upgraded version of Cello can be used for cross-cellular DNA circuit design

Cello can encode Verilog format into a DNA sequence that can perform functions in cells. The total length of the gene circuits in the 66 strains is 1.1M, of which the largest single-cell node requires up to 41 genes (23 regulatory genes) and a total length of 43 kb of recombinant DNA

Each cell node works as expected. The subcircuits in all cell nodes can execute the expected logical output. At the same time, no cell containing a subcircuit shows obvious growth defects, thanks to the careful design of each logic gate, all logic gates are on the genome rather than the plasmid. The output logic of each logic of the 66 cell nodes is in line with expectations

The complete set of strains cannot be connected to each other to build a complete MD5 function. The core principles of a partially simplified version of the MD5 hash algorithm were successfully demonstrated through cellular distributed computing, but due to slow communication speed and complexity limitations, this simplified version of the hash algorithm was not fully implemented in the cell. One of the reasons for the failure is due to the number of available orthogonal intercellular communication signals. Currently, only four communication signals (OC6, OHC14, pC-HSL, DAPG) are used in the experiment, which limits the number of cells that can effectively transmit information and the complexity of the circuit. If one wants to implement a simplified hash algorithm in an unrestricted liquid environment, it is estimated that more than dozens or even hundreds of orthogonal communication signals will be required.But a super-simplified hashing algorithm was demonstrated in a cell to prove its concept