PANews reported on September 16 that Vitalik Buterin replied to netizens on X: "The important thing that we are really in the early stages of is that L2 will eventually be affordable. Since 2020 (if not earlier), I have been saying that the entire 'not just high-value DeFi' part of the crypto space can only work if transaction fees are cheap. It wasn't until March of this year that it really became a reality.

If choosing the second and third early stages is important, it is:

-ZK-SNARKs are finally reaching maturity and have use cases (zupass, railway, 0xbow, rarimo…)

-Account abstraction ZK-email (and similar zk-wrappers for centralized IDs)