1. George Soros's Pound Attack (1992)
Background: In 1992, the UK joined the European Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM), but economic weakness and high interest rates made it difficult for the pound to maintain its fixed exchange rate.
Trading strategy: George Soros made a large short position in the British pound through his Quantum Fund, using high leverage to amplify gains.
Result: The British government was forced to withdraw from the ERM, and the pound depreciated sharply. Soros made a profit of about $1 billion.
2. John Paulson's shorting of the subprime mortgage market (2007)
Background: US real estate market bubble and subprime mortgage crisis.
Trading strategy: Paulson bet on the collapse of subprime mortgage-backed securities (MBS) by purchasing credit default swaps (CDS).
The result: The subprime mortgage market collapsed, and Paulson's hedge fund made an estimated $15 billion in profits.
3. Warren Buffett's investment in Goldman Sachs (2008)
Background: Goldman Sachs faced enormous pressure during the 2008 financial crisis.
Trading strategy: Buffett invested $5 billion in Goldman Sachs through Berkshire Hathaway, purchasing preferred shares and obtaining warrants.
Result: Goldman Sachs stabilized and Buffett made a profit of about $3.5 billion.
4. Carl Icahn's investment in Apple (2013)
Background: Apple's stock price is relatively low, but the company's fundamentals are strong.
Trading strategy: Icahn buys a large number of Apple shares and publicly calls on Apple to buy back shares to increase shareholder value.
The result: Apple's stock price rose sharply, and Icahn made about $2 billion in profits.
5. David Tepper's investment in bank stocks (2009)
Background: Bank stock prices plummeted after the 2008 financial crisis.
Trading strategy: Tepper bought a slew of bank stocks, including Wachovia and Citigroup, betting on a government bailout.
The result: Bank stocks recovered and Tepper's hedge fund, Appaloosa Management, made about $7 billion.
6. Andrew Hall's Oil Deal (2003)
Background: In 2003, global oil demand grew and supply became tight.
Trading strategy: Hauer bought a large number of crude oil futures contracts through the Phibro Energy Fund, betting on rising oil prices.
The result: Oil prices soared, and Hall made a profit of about $1 billion on the trade.
7. Stanley Druckenmiller's Deutsche Mark Trade (1992)
Background: The European Monetary System is under pressure and the German Mark is strengthening.
Trading strategy: Druckenmiller went big on the Deutsche Mark under Soros Quantum Fund, while shorting other European currencies.
Result: The German mark appreciated, and Druckenmiller brought huge profits to the Soros Fund, totaling about $1 billion.
8. Jim Simons' Renaissance Technologies (1988-Present)
Background: Trading using mathematical models and algorithms.
Trading strategies: Use market data and patterns to predict price movements through quantitative trading strategies.
Result: Renaissance Technologies' Medallion Fund has an average annual return of over 35%, with total returns exceeding US$100 billion.
9. Michael Bree's subprime short selling (2005-2007)
Background: Instability in the subprime mortgage market.
Trading strategy: Buy credit default swaps (CDS) through his fund Scion Capital, betting on the collapse of subprime mortgage securities.
Result: The subprime mortgage crisis broke out and Burri's fund made a profit of about $700 million.
10. Jeff Bezos founded Amazon (1994-Present)
Background: The rise of the Internet and e-commerce.
Trading Strategy: Created and grew the e-commerce platform Amazon, expanding from an online bookstore to the world's largest online retailer.
Result: Amazon's market value exceeds $1.5 trillion, and Bezos' personal wealth exceeds $100 billion.
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