Like:Ian, Xinwei, Severin, MT Capital
TL;DR
1. DePIN Overview: The Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Network (DePIN) combines the physical world with Web3, reduces costs and improves efficiency through decentralized technology, and is widely used in computing, storage, wireless networks and other fields, from traditional fixed devices to new generation portable and wearable devices, with broad market prospects.
2. Investment trends and projects: DePIN projects have shown significant growth during both bull and bear market cycles. Project types cover wireless networks, maps, Internet of Vehicles, agriculture, drones, weather, energy, etc. Investment institutions have expanded from Europe and the United States to Asia, and the number of participating institutions and investments continues to increase, showing strong interest in the DePIN field.
3. Market demand and potential: There are many types of emerging DePIN markets, including health data, meteorology, energy, bandwidth, AI and mobile phones, which have huge market space and high growth rate. In particular, the energy and mobile phone markets have great potential, and the year-on-year growth rate of the health data and AI markets is also very impressive.
4. Project ecology and blockchain selection: Ethereum and Solana have become the main choice chains for existing DePIN projects and emerging DePIN projects respectively. Solana has attracted a large number of new projects with its high performance, low cost and strong community support, and has gradually become the preferred platform for DePIN projects. Representative projects such as Render, Helium, Hivemapper, etc. have demonstrated the diverse applications of DePIN. Core players such as Solana, IoTeX and other platforms have provided strong technical support and ecological environment for DePIN projects, promoting the rapid development of DePIN.
5. Modular blockchain trend: Modular design significantly enhances DePIN’s scalability and adaptability. Through standardized interfaces and interchangeable components, DePIN can flexibly adapt to different application scenarios and technical requirements, thereby promoting rapid network deployment and maintenance.
6. Evolution of the token economy: From the early fixed incentive model to the current dynamic incentive mechanism, DePIN projects such as Helium have ensured the continued growth and healthy development of the network by adjusting incentives for new and old equipment, regional incentive policies, and time period incentive adjustments.
DePIN Definition
DePIN, the full name of which is Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Network, literally means "decentralized physical infrastructure network". "De" stands for decentralized, "P" stands for physical, "I" stands for infrastructure, and "N" stands for network.
The core definition of DePIN is to bring real-world users into Web3 and achieve low cost and socialization through decentralized networks. In the current world, especially in the physical business field, DePIN achieves the goal of reducing costs and increasing efficiency through decentralized technology.
In previous studies and reports, DePIN often focused more on the infrastructure aspect, while this report (PDF full version please go to the official website to download) focuses more on the decentralized part, striving to show the diverse DePIN market and investment opportunities in the future.
DePIN Project Types
Classic DePIN device:
Characteristics: These devices are usually immobile and are usually fixed in place.
Main business: including computing, bandwidth and storage.
Market characteristics: The market of classic DePIN projects tends to be technology-oriented, especially in the fields of AI computing power, which are more sought after by funds and traffic. This type of market is large in scale, but the competition is fierce and it is a red ocean.
Representative projects: Filecoin, RNDR, etc.
New generation DePIN equipment:
Features: These devices are small and flexible and can be carried around or even worn.
Main business: Life-related services such as health monitoring, weather forecasts and mobile phone functions.
Market characteristics: The market of the new generation DePIN project is more inclined towards life, low-cost and suitable for daily applications. This type of market is diverse and has a wide range of applications. It has yet to be further explored and is a blue ocean with huge potential.
By comparing these two generations of DePIN projects, we can see that DePIN technology is constantly developing and its application scenarios are continuously expanding. From traditional fixed devices to today's more flexible and portable devices, the market prospects of DePIN are becoming more and more broad, covering various needs from high-tech fields to daily life. The traditional DePIN market is large in scale and is a fiercely competitive red ocean; while the innovative DePIN market has a wide variety of types and a wide range of applications, which has yet to be further explored and is a blue ocean with huge potential.
DePIN Investment New Ecosystem
The number and types of DePIN projects in this bull market cycle have increased significantly, and new generation lightweight DePIN projects have emerged frequently. Wearable devices such as AI, bracelets, and watches that collect health data have been added, as well as a large number of portable lightweight physical DePIN devices. .
2022.1.1 - 2023.1.1
There are a total of 19 DePIN project financings, with an average disclosed financing amount of 18M. Excluding Helium's 200M large round of D financing, the average financing amount is 5.9M.
The project types include wireless networks, maps, connected vehicle data, agriculture, drone images, weather, electricity markets, and DePIN infrastructure, among which wireless networks have the largest number of projects, up to 7.
2023.1.1 - 2024.1.1
There were a total of 9 DePIN project financings, and the average financing amount disclosed was 7.2 M, which was significantly lower in quantity than in 2022 (bear market), and the amount increased by 22% compared to 2022.
Project types include wireless networks, decentralized computing power, maps/geospatial data, weather, DePIN infrastructure, and the number and types of financing have been significantly reduced. (The bear market needs more reasonable business scenarios and models)
2024.1.1 - 2024.5.20
There are a total of 26 DePIN project financings, and the average financing amount disclosed is 6.5M. The number of financings has increased significantly, and the financing amount has decreased.
Project categories include decentralized computing power, Internet of Vehicles, Internet of Things, wireless networks, FHE, maps, weather & environment, bandwidth, DePIN infrastructure, mobile phones, energy, storage, mixed reality
New first-level financing types that have not been disclosed: AI, VPN, bracelets/watches and other wearable and portable device projects (health data)
source：MT Capital
Number of DePIN projects and institutions
The DePIN participating institutions in the previous cycle were dominated by Europe and the United States. In this DePIN cycle, more Asian institutions have gradually emerged, demonstrating the strong interest of Asian institutions in DePIN. The number of DePIN projects has also increased significantly, with the total number of second-level DePIN projects exceeding 135 and the total number of first-level DePIN projects exceeding 130.
project:
• Secondary market projects: 137
•>$1B FDV: 20
•$500M - $1B: 19
•$100M - $500M: 48
•$50M - $100M: 16
•$30M - $50M: 14
•$10M - $30M: 12
•<$10M: 6
•Primary market projects: 133
•Since the start of the current bull cycle (from October 2023 to present), a total of 8 projects have raised more than $2 million in funding and 6 projects have raised more than $10 million in funding.
source：MT Capital
mechanism:
Last cycle:
•Andreessen Horowitz (A16z)
•Multicoin Capital
•HashKey Capital
•IOSG Ventures
•Spartan Group
•Borderless Capital
•Lattice Ventures
•Variant Fund
•Delphi Digital
•Big Brain Holdings
•Cogitent Ventures
This cycle:
•OKX
•Animoca Brands
•JDI
•IoTeX
•FMG
•Waterdrip Capital
•MH
DePIN Market Demand
In the previous cycle, new projects continued to emerge in the DePIN sub-track represented by computing power, storage, wireless networks and maps. In this cycle, new emerging sub-track categories such as wearable devices, meteorology, energy, bandwidth, AI and mobile phones, which are mainly based on health data, have been added.
From the perspective of market demand, the energy market and the mobile phone market have huge market space. The health data market and the AI market not only have a large market space, but also have a very high year-on-year growth rate. The market size is very objective.
Market: (number of projects in the primary market + number of projects in the secondary market)
Health (5+/), Weather (9+1), Energy (15+10), Computing Power (17+29), Storage (7+19), Wireless Network (9+11), Bandwidth (6+4), Maps (3+2), AI (8+13), Mobile Phones (5+)
Number of market projects in the last cycle
•Hashrate: 17+29
•Storage: 7+19
• Wireless network: 9+11
• Map: 3+2
Number of projects in emerging markets
•Health data (wearable devices): 5+ /
•Weather: 9+1
•Energy: 15+10
•Bandwidth: 6+4
•Mobile: 5+
•AI: 8+13
source：MT Capital
Market size and growth rate
•Health market: $243B, CAGR 17%
• Weather Market: $7B, CAGR 7%
•Energy market: $880B, CAGR 8.4%
• Computing power market: $95.7B, CAGR 6.8%
• Storage market: $108B, CAGR 22%
• Wireless Network Market: $500B, CAGR 12%
•Bandwidth market: $8.6B, CAGR 13.75%
• Map market: $19B, CAGR 12.5%
•AI Market: $150B, CAGR 36.8%
• Mobile phone market: $484B, CAGR 7.3%
source：MT Capital
Public chain selection and device type
source：MT Capital
Currently, the largest number of DePIN projects in the secondary market are based on the Ethereum chain, with a total of 70 DePIN projects choosing to be built on Ethereum, accounting for 81% of the total.
Among the collected primary projects, there are 28 Solana ecosystem projects, accounting for 62% of the total. Solana is gradually becoming the first public chain of the new round of DePIN projects.
source：MT Capital
From the perspective of device types, there are more new energy and sensor device projects. In addition, more projects using wearable, portable, and home device devices as physical hardware are beginning to emerge in the primary market.
DePIN Full Industry Chain
Upstream supply chain
1. Hardware manufacturing and supply
Hardware suppliers: produce various devices and sensors for DePIN network, such as GPU, server, IoT device, wireless device, etc. For example, LoRaWAN hotspot for Helium network, dashcam for Hivemapper.
Professional hardware manufacturers: Some professional hardware manufacturers provide customized hardware for specific DePIN projects, such as storage miners for Filecoin and GPUs for Render network.
2. Chips and Semiconductors
Chip manufacturers: such as NVIDIA and AMD, provide high-performance GPUs for computing networks such as Render and Akash. These chips are at the heart of processing AI workloads and complex computing tasks.
3. IoT devices
Sensor manufacturers: Provide sensor devices required for environmental monitoring, traffic data collection, etc. For example, Bluetooth sensors in the Nodle network and noise pollution detectors from Silencio.
Smart devices: such as smartphones and other mobile devices, which can act as part of a sensor network for data collection and transmission.
4. Power and energy equipment
Energy equipment suppliers: Provide solar panels, wind turbines, energy storage batteries and other equipment for decentralized energy networks, such as solar panels and battery systems in the Daylight Energy network.
Midstream Industry Chain
1. Network operation and maintenance
Network operators: such as Helium and Hivemapper, manage and maintain the normal operation of decentralized networks, including node management, data transmission and storage.
Service provider: Provides network infrastructure services, such as cloud computing services, storage services, etc.
2. Software and platform development
Blockchain platforms: such as Solana and IoTeX, provide basic blockchain technology support for the DePIN project, including smart contract execution, data storage and verification.
Software developers: Develop software platforms and tools for managing and operating the DePIN network, such as the distributed storage management platform provided by Filebase and the video streaming management tool provided by Livepeer Studio.
3. Data Processing and Analysis
Data analytics companies: Process and analyze data collected from sensor networks to provide valuable insights and services to users.
AI and machine learning services: such as Beam, which provides cloud-based AI computing services and distributes model training and inference workloads to a decentralized GPU network.
Downstream industry chain
1. Applications and Services
Enterprise customers: Use the services provided by the DePIN network to enhance their business efficiency, such as logistics companies using Hivemapper's map data and agricultural companies using Geodnet's high-precision positioning data.
Consumer applications: such as Teleport's shared travel application and DIMO's vehicle data platform, which provide consumers with convenient services and earn rewards through user-contributed data.
Smart cities and public infrastructure: Using data and services from decentralized networks to optimize urban management and public services such as energy management, traffic management, etc.
Modularity/Data Layer/Middle Layer
Modular blockchain optimizes the scalability, security, and flexibility of blockchain by dividing core functions such as execution, consensus, data availability, and settlement into different layers. For example, Ethereum improves data availability and processing power by adopting sharding architecture and rollup, while Cosmos achieves cross-chain interoperability and high customization through the IBC protocol and Tendermint consensus mechanism. The advantages of modular blockchain include higher transaction processing capabilities, enhanced security, and greater development flexibility, which will further promote the development of blockchain technology in the future.
DePIN’s modular trend significantly enhances its scalability. The modular design allows DePIN to flexibly adapt to different application scenarios and technical needs, simplifying network deployment and maintenance through standardized interfaces and interchangeable components. For example, the Render network achieves expansion from image rendering to AI model training through a modular structure, increasing the service scope and market potential of the network. Additionally, Filecoin’s modular design allows it to expand storage services and add hot storage and data computing capabilities, further enhancing the utility and appeal of its network. The modularization trend not only improves the technical compatibility and upgrade capabilities of the DePIN network, but also enables independent development and optimization of each independent module, thereby accelerating innovation and progress of the entire network ecosystem. This flexible and efficient architecture greatly improves the scalability of DePIN, allowing it to respond more quickly to market demands and technological changes, promoting the widespread application and development of decentralized infrastructure.
Representative Projects
DePHY
DePHY's development framework specially designed for DePIN significantly reduces development costs and time through key functions such as message layer, DID (Device ID), open source hardware design, off-chain computing network and remortgage layer, and supports any standard interface hardware to achieve Fast, efficient and secure deployment of decentralized infrastructure projects.
PING PONG
PINGPONG is a DePIN liquidity and service aggregator that optimizes and maximizes mining returns across multiple networks through innovative tools and solutions.
DePIN track platform and players
Solana
Solana is becoming the new super infrastructure for DePIN. Solana's high performance, low network fees, strong developer and user community, and high purchasing power make it the preferred launch network for many DePIN projects. Some old DePIN star projects such as Render and Helium have achieved better development after migrating to Solana, which shows the vitality that Solana's strong infrastructure and broad community user base bring to DePIN projects. Solana has gradually attracted emerging and cutting-edge DePIN projects of different categories including Grass, Natix, Exabits, etc., and is gradually improving its own DePIN ecosystem.
Representative Projects
Render
Render Network is a decentralized GPU rendering platform that leverages blockchain technology to connect artists with GPU providers for scalable, cost-effective rendering solutions.
Hive folders
Hivemapper is a decentralized mapping network that uses blockchain technology and crowdsourced dashcam data to create detailed real-time maps.
Helium
Helium is a groundbreaking DePIN project that creates a decentralized wireless network that allows IoT devices to connect globally through a distributed network of hotspots.
Natix:
Natix Network is a blockchain-based crowdsourced camera network for creating a real-time world map.
Exabits:
Exabits is a decentralized infrastructure for artificial intelligence and compute-intensive applications. It allows users to provide distributed GPU services, data storage, or expertise to the AI community without the need for a central authority or intermediary.
Grass:
Grass is a DePIN project developed by Wynd Network that allows users to monetize their unused network resources by adding their connected devices to a decentralized network designed to provide data for AI training.
EV3
EV3 is a philosophy-driven investment firm that supports outstanding entrepreneurs building DePIN. By investing up to $1 million in early-stage projects, EV3 aims to unlock the next $100 trillion of global GDP through next-generation open infrastructure networks such as telecommunications, logistics, energy, cloud computing and artificial intelligence. Founded by institutionally trained investors Mahesh Ramakrishnan and Salvador Gala, EV3 combines deep industry expertise and long-term partnerships with the support of leading investors.
Representative Projects
3DOS
3DOS is the world's largest decentralized on-demand manufacturing network, aiming to revolutionize the manufacturing industry through blockchain technology and 3D printing. The platform allows anyone to upload designs, receive royalties, and manufacture on demand around the world.
Zonal
Zonal is developing a decentralized network based on a micro-positioning protocol that uses wireless communication technologies such as ultra-wideband (UWB) and low-power Bluetooth (BLE) to provide highly reliable global and indoor positioning services to verify real-world interactions. Its goal is to create a unified protocol that provides location verification tools for a variety of services and enterprises.
XNET
XNET is a next-generation mobile operator that uses blockchain technology to build a decentralized network. By using the CBRS spectrum, XNET aims to build a reliable industry-grade neutral host network. The project aims to solve the inefficiency and capital intensity of the telecommunications industry through its distributed radio access network (RAN).
IoTeX
IoTeX is an open platform with modular AI+DePIN infrastructure, which aims to connect smart devices and real-world data to Web3, allowing Web2 to easily and effectively access blockchain and create a decentralized real-world open ecosystem of multi-dimensional data and scenarios. Through modular construction, developers can connect smart wearables, Internet of Vehicles, green energy, environmental data and other full-scenario innovative applications from smart life to smart industry in Web3.
As of Q1 2024, the IoTeX network has 108 active nodes with a total staked value of $29 million, up 73% from Q1. The average stake participation rate reached a record high of 40.6%. In addition, node rewards increased by 71% from Q1 to $3.3 million.
IoTeX provides complete "plug-and-play" products and tools that enable blockchain-driven IoT applications to be efficiently built and deployed. The platform is divided into four layers: hardware layer, middleware layer, tool layer, and blockchain layer. Since its establishment, IoTeX has raised more than US$90 million in funding to support its R&D and market expansion. IoTeX's solutions support various IoT ecosystems, such as the sharing economy, smart home, autonomous driving, and supply chain management.
Representative Projects
Network3
The Network3 project is a Layer2 blockchain platform that integrates AIoT technology. It aims to provide AI developers with efficient model training and verification tools, while enabling users to earn cryptocurrencies by running nodes.
Inferix
Inferix is a decentralized GPU visual computing platform dedicated to 3D/AR/VR rendering and AI inference.
The wind
Wayru Network is a decentralized wireless network that enables various intelligent functions through WayruOS and Wayru Connectivity Superapp.
DePIN segmentation based on physical hardware devices
source：MT Capital
source：MT Capital
Track Mapping
Sensor track
We define "sensors" as outdoor sensors that can help users collect various types of data, such as maps, weather, and vehicle information. After these outdoor sensors collect data, users can contribute their data to create a data value network and receive corresponding token rewards. The DePIN project can aggregate the data shared by these users, provide B-side customers with more diverse data samples, and capture commercial revenue from Web2.
Representative Projects
Map Network
Hive folders
Hivemapper is a decentralized mapping network that uses blockchain technology and crowdsourced dashcam data to create detailed real-time maps.
Internet of Vehicles Data Network
GOD
DIMO is a decentralized IoT vehicle data DePIN network that enables vehicle owners to collect, use and monetize data from their vehicles.
Positioning Network
Geodnet
GEODNET is a blockchain-based global earth observation decentralized network that uses real-time kinematics (RTK) to significantly improve GPS accuracy.
Wireless Network Track
Mobile wireless network:
Market size and growth: In 2022, it will account for more than 76% of the market share in the telecommunications industry, and this growth is mainly driven by 5G and IoT technologies. It is expected to grow at a compound annual growth rate of 6.2% from 2023 to 2030.
Function: Provides extensive personal and business connections through cellular technology. Supports a variety of devices and applications to achieve mobile communications and data services.
Future Outlook: The demand for mobile wireless networks will continue to increase due to the increasing demand for higher bandwidth, advancements in 5G technology, and the integration of IoT devices.
Helium
Helium is a groundbreaking DePIN project that creates a decentralized wireless network that allows IoT devices to connect globally through a distributed network of hotspots.
Fixed Wireless Access (FWA):
Market size and growth: Rapidly growing as an alternative to wired broadband, especially in areas where laying cables is impractical. The market size is expected to grow from 130 million connections at the end of 2023 to 330 million in 2029.
Function: Use radio waves to provide Internet services between fixed points. Usually deployed in areas where mobile wireless network services are insufficient. Compared with wireless mobile networks, it has lower laying costs and is easier to deploy.
Future Outlook: Thanks to the improvement of 5G technology, FWA is expected to become a more common form of Internet access, especially in remote areas and rural areas where infrastructure services are insufficient.
Andrea
Andrena is a high-speed fixed wireless access network service provider that uses cutting-edge radio technology to create high-speed, low-cost wireless networks in cities and areas underserved by mobile wireless networks.
Wi-Fi network:
Market size and growth: The market value is approximately US$14.5 billion in 2023 and is expected to reach US$39.4 billion by 2028, with a compound annual growth rate of 22.2%.
Function: Provides local area network connections for devices through radio waves, supporting a wide range of consumer electronics from smartphones to home appliances, and can be used in limited private spaces such as homes, businesses, and public hotspots.
Future Outlook: Market growth will be driven by the increasing demand for reliable internet connectivity for smart devices and the growing implementation of IoT in the public and private sectors.
Roam
Roam is a decentralized global WiFi network that provides enterprise-grade OpenRoaming WiFi roaming services to the public around the world.
Energy Track
Traditional energy markets face the following problems: mismatch between supply and demand in regional energy networks, lack of transparent and tradable energy markets, huge untapped clean energy markets, slow and costly expansion of energy networks… However, DePIN can help shape a new generation of decentralized energy networks.
From a market perspective: The clean energy market is experiencing significant growth, with the market currently valued at approximately $1.4 trillion and expected to grow at a CAGR of 9.1% from 2022 to 2032. The renewable energy market is expected to grow from a market size of US$881.7 billion to approximately US$1.9 trillion in 2030, at a compound annual growth rate of approximately 8.4%. Energy DePIN projects have huge market space.
Power Plant:
StarPower
Starpower is a pioneering DePIN project that aims to revolutionize energy management and distribution by creating a virtual power plant (VPP) through a decentralized network leveraging blockchain technology.
Energy Trading
Daylight
Daylight is an open source blockchain network focused on creating a decentralized marketplace for renewable energy and carbon credits, aiming to promote more sustainable energy trading and use around the world.
Energy Storage
PowerPod
Powerpod aims to revolutionize the way electric vehicles (EVs) are charged by creating a shared, blockchain-powered network of community-owned charging stations.
Home Equipment Track
The home device sector focuses on leveraging decentralized technologies to enhance and optimize all aspects of daily life. This sector addresses key issues such as high costs, privacy concerns, and unequal resource distribution, providing solutions by transforming standard home devices into decentralized network nodes. By using blockchain and other decentralized protocols, these devices provide a low-cost, secure, and efficient alternative to traditional cloud services and computing power. This approach not only reduces reliance on centralized infrastructure, but also gives users greater control over their data and resources. In addition, the integration of these devices not only enhances the smart home ecosystem and gaming experience, but also aims to enhance daily interactions and create a globally connected community.
FX land
FX Land provides a distributed cloud storage solution that solves high storage costs and privacy issues through Crowd Storage nodes and the Fula protocol.
Hajime AI
The Hajime AI project aims to create a global edge computing power supply network to provide cost-effective computing services to AI startups, solve the problem of uneven distribution of computing resources through a decentralized platform, and seamlessly integrate with smart home and IoT ecosystems in the future.
FrodoBots
The FrodoBots project uses real-world robots in a gamified way to solve the problem of embodied AI.
Wearable device track
In the field of wearable devices, the focus is on combining smart wearable devices with blockchain technology. They use advanced artificial intelligence and data privacy protection technologies to provide personalized health monitoring and data management services. By enabling users to monetize their own data and providing reward mechanisms, these devices incentivize users to actively participate in health management. These devices are usually made of high-quality materials, have long battery life and strong waterproof capabilities to ensure user convenience and safety. In addition, these smart wearable devices are compatible with mainstream mobile devices and cryptocurrency ecosystems, promoting the widespread adoption of decentralized applications and Web3 ecosystems while improving user health and quality of life.
CUDIS
CUDIS is a stylish, groundbreaking AI smart ring that motivates users by rewarding them on their health journey. It has core features such as immutable data collection and control, personalized AI coaching, health motivational tasks and social activities.
WatchX
The WatchX project aims to integrate millions of smartwatch users into the Web3 ecosystem and provide a wide range of opportunities for partners within the ecosystem space.
Dogwalk
A DePIN platform that integrates innovative software and hardware through GameFi and SocialFi elements to enhance the interaction between pet owners and Web3 users.
Portable Device Track
Portable projects share common characteristics, such as providing convenient mobile devices and applications to enhance the Web3 experience. They focus on simplifying user interactions, improving security, and implementing data ownership and reward mechanisms. These projects integrate hardware and software solutions to promote the development and use of decentralized applications, especially in mobile environments. The goal of this segment is to promote the adoption and application of Web3 technologies by lowering barriers to entry, optimizing user experience, and providing practical application cases.
Solana Mobile Saga
The Solana Mobile Saga project aims to lead the Web3 mobile revolution by providing top-tier hardware and powerful developer resources, delivering a secure and user-friendly decentralized application experience.
Universal Phone Oyster Labs
The Universal Phone project was launched by Oyster Labs and aims to reach 800 million Telegram users, focusing on emerging markets such as India, Indonesia and Nigeria.
Puffpaw
Puffpaw is a "quit smoking and earn money" project incubated by Arweave and OrangeDAO. Through electronic cigarette devices and blockchain technology, it helps users quit smoking and get financial rewards.
The token economy of the DePIN project: fixed incentive model evolves into dynamic incentive
Internal logic analysis: Taking Helium as an example
Early incentive mechanisms and their impact
In the early days of the Helium project, early participants were able to obtain very high token rewards by purchasing and deploying mining machines. This high return attracted a large number of early users and quickly promoted the expansion of the network. However, this incentive mechanism also brought some problems:
Early participants profited too much: Early users quickly realized high returns due to the large number of tokens they received. Although this phenomenon promoted the rapid growth of the network in the early stage, it also led to a rapid increase in the supply of tokens in the market.
Token economic fluctuation adjustment: Due to the large number of tokens in the hands of early participants, they began to sell tokens on the market, causing token prices to fluctuate and fall. When new users enter the market, they find that the rate of return is much lower than that of early users, resulting in a slowdown in the growth of new users.
Stagnation of network growth: As the early high returns gradually disappear, the willingness of new users to enter decreases, the expansion of the network slows down, and the growth of the project slows down.
Introduction of dynamic incentive mechanism
To address the above issues, the Helium project introduced a dynamic incentive mechanism to ensure the continued growth and healthy development of the network.
Adjust incentives for new and old devices: Helium adjusts the incentive mechanism for new and old devices so that users of new devices can also receive attractive rewards. For example, the initial reward for new devices is increased, and while maintaining a robust network, the reward ratio for outdated devices is gradually reduced to encourage users to purchase and deploy new devices.
Regional incentive policies: In order to promote the balanced development of the network worldwide, Helium has formulated differentiated incentive policies based on the equipment deployment in different regions. In areas with fewer devices, higher token rewards are provided to attract users to deploy equipment in these areas.
Time period incentive adjustment: Helium balances network load and improves equipment utilization by providing different rewards at different time periods. For example, users who run equipment during off-peak hours can receive additional rewards, thus ensuring the stable operation of the network around the clock.
Device density incentives: In areas with low device density, Helium provides additional incentives to promote stable operation of devices and efficient data transmission. This not only increases user benefits, but also improves the overall performance of the network.
Specific implementation of dynamic incentives
The Helium project uses smart contracts and algorithms to implement dynamic incentive mechanisms to ensure real-time adjustment and fair distribution of incentives. These measures not only increase the participation enthusiasm of new users, but also stabilize market expectations and prevent market fluctuations caused by high returns in the early stage.
Smart contract incentive adjustment: Through smart contracts, rewards for different devices are dynamically adjusted according to device usage and market demand. This mechanism ensures the flexibility and real-time nature of incentives.
Real-time data feedback: By collecting and analyzing the operating data of the equipment, the Helium project can timely adjust the incentives for different areas and time periods to ensure the optimal configuration and utilization of network resources.
Transparent incentive mechanism: The transparency and openness of the dynamic incentive mechanism enhances user trust and encourages more users to participate in network construction.
New and old equipment incentive changes
New device incentives: In order to lower the user entry barrier, new devices usually have higher initial incentives to attract early adopters. Projects may incentivize users to purchase and deploy new devices through high token rewards and low initial costs, making it easier for new users to participate.
Incentives for old equipment maintenance: To prevent users from abandoning old equipment, the project will provide continuous incentives, but these incentives may gradually decrease over time. Through equipment upgrade rewards and maintenance fee subsidies, the project can adjust the operating costs of old equipment to ensure its continued effective operation.
Physical market changes
Equipment price adjustment: According to market demand and the service life of the equipment, the project party will adjust the price of different types of equipment. Due to capacity, supply and orders, the cost of new equipment is usually higher, but its incentive is also higher. The price of old equipment is lower, but it can still obtain stable income, thus attracting users at different levels.
Secondary market transactions: The equipment can be traded on the secondary market. The project owner can collect transaction fees and use part of the proceeds to repurchase and destroy tokens to support the token price. This method not only increases the liquidity of the equipment, but also stabilizes the value of the token.
Different regional markets
Regional incentive policies: In order to promote balanced deployment of equipment around the world, the project party will formulate differentiated incentive policies based on the market demand and development of different regions. For example, in areas with low equipment density, higher rewards may be provided to attract more equipment deployment, thereby achieving global coverage of the network.
Localized support: The project party will provide localized technical support and training in different regions to help users better install and maintain equipment, improve equipment operating efficiency and user participation enthusiasm. This localized support can effectively promote the promotion and development of the project in various regions.
Equipment density
Density Rewards: In areas with lower device density, the project may provide additional rewards to enable lower density areas to achieve growth, in order to promote stable operation of devices and efficient data transmission. These rewards may include higher token incentives and device upgrade subsidies to encourage users to keep their devices in good working order.
Dynamic adjustment: Project owners can dynamically adjust the device density in different areas based on real-time data to ensure balanced network development and optimal resource allocation. Through such dynamic adjustments, project owners can flexibly respond to market changes and optimize network performance.
Equipment operation time period
Time period rewards: In order to balance the network load and improve equipment utilization, the project party can set different rewards in different time periods. For example, devices running during non-peak hours can receive additional incentives to ensure the stable operation of the network around the clock.
Load balancing mechanism: Project owners can dynamically adjust incentives for different time periods through smart contracts and algorithms to achieve balanced distribution of network load and optimal utilization of resources. Through this mechanism, project owners can effectively manage network resources and improve overall operational efficiency.
Summary and Outlook
We believe that in the DePIN track, both classic DePIN and new generation DePIN have sufficient categories and a broad market, and have the potential to produce great projects with large-scale user adoption. In the future, it is very likely that a Web3 project will be born in this field and enter the top 20.
The core logic of DePIN lies in the cost reduction and efficiency improvement of existing world businesses by WEB3. By bringing real-world users into Web3, DePIN not only achieves low cost and socialization, but also greatly increases the number and accuracy of data sources. In the three generations of DePIN devices, from fixed devices to flexible and portable devices, the market prospects are constantly expanding, covering various needs of high technology and daily life.
In recent years, the types and number of investments in the DePIN market have increased significantly, and the number of institutions and projects has also continued to grow. From the demand side, DePIN shows great potential in multiple markets (such as weather, air quality, health, AI, etc.) and device types (such as wearable devices, mobile phones, etc.). The upstream and downstream industrial chains are also gradually improving, including interactive data on the chain, equipment middle layer, data and hardware, etc.
It is particularly noteworthy that the life cycle of DePIN is theoretically longer than that of non-DePIN projects due to the combination of physical equipment and token design. This makes the DePIN track have huge potential and deserves investors' high attention and investment.
Looking ahead, with the development of the DePIN project and the advancement of technology, we have reason to believe that more innovative and influential projects will emerge in this field, injecting new vitality and possibilities into the Web3 ecosystem.
Thanks for the support:
Salvador @DAnconia_Crypto from EV3
Anna @gizmothegizzer from Solana
Raullen@raullen from IoTeX
Peter from Hashkey
EO @ Future money group
Reference：
-https://messari.io/report/state-of-depin-2023
-https://messari.io/report/infrastructure-sector-brief-gpu-networks
-https://messari.io/report/navigating-the-depin-domain
-https://messari.io/report/the-depin-sector-map
-https://public.bnbstatic.com/static/files/research/depin-an-emerging-narrative.pdf
-https://htxresearch.medium.com/depin-current-state-and-prospects-ad6b1a59b3d4
-https://nel4ibmr2ip7ahcw5g6plxbpavywdcgi6zjvb3bkizi632su4vta.arweave.net/aRfEBZHSH_AcVum89dwvBXFhiMj2U1DsKkZR7epU5WY
-https://foresightnews.pro/article/detail/50839
-https://twitter.com/rsarrow/status/1778471355425386928?s=46
