The United States, the United Kingdom, and the European Union each have different tax rules, rates, and regulatory frameworks. United States: The Internal Revenue Service (IRS) classifies cryptocurrency as digital assets, and capital gains tax must be paid on the sale, conversion, or use of cryptocurrency to purchase goods. Mining and staking rewards and cryptocurrency compensation must be taxed as income. United Kingdom: Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs (HMRC) classifies cryptocurrency as assets, and capital gains tax (CGT) must be paid on sales, exchanges, and payments, with a maximum rate of up to 24%. Income tax must also be paid on mining and cryptocurrency compensation, and employers paying in cryptocurrency must contribute to National Insurance Contributions (NIC) for themselves and their employees. European Union: Tax policies vary significantly among countries; Germany exempts cryptocurrency held for over a year from tax, while selling within one year incurs a maximum income tax of 45%, plus a 5.5% solidarity surcharge. Spain taxes at rates between 19%-28%, and Portugal's rates range from 14.5%-53%, with a standard capital gains tax rate of 28%. (The Block)