The three major US stock indexes opened lower collectively, with the Dow down 0.77%, the Nasdaq down 0.49%, and the S&P 500 index down 0.58%. Putin approved a new version of the basic national policy on nuclear deterrence, leading to a surge in market risk aversion, strengthening gold stocks, with Harmony Gold and Kinross Gold rising over 3%, AngloGold rising over 2%, and Gold Fields rising over 1%.