Written by: Huo Huo

In 2024, the “Ethereum killer” Solana is unstoppable. In the week of July 22, Solana’s main chain weekly total fees exceeded its competitor Ethereum for the first time, with revenue of about $25 million, while Ethereum’s revenue was $21 million. On July 28, total fees exceeded $5.5 million, a three-month high. And just after the crypto market plummeted across the board on Black Monday this week, as the market regained its sanity, Solana’s price soared by more than 35% in less than 48 hours, surpassing Bitcoin’s increase.

Source: Blockworks Research

It can be said that after experiencing the ups and downs of the past two years, Solana and its ecosystem have once again become the focus of the market. This time, the momentum is vaguely overshadowing Ethereum. However, many projects previously known as "Ethereum killers" have failed in the end. Can Solana finally succeed in the challenge? Today, let's review the birth and rise of Solana and the latest development status of Solana's ecosystem, and perhaps find some clues...

The Birth of Solana

Solana was born out of its founder’s thinking about the blockchain trilemma. Bitcoin was born in 2009. In 2013, Solana founder Anatoly Yakovenko became an early user of Bitcoin and began to pay attention to the blockchain’s impossible triangle. At that time, the blockchain gas fee was high and the network was very slow.

Therefore, Anatoly was determined to build a faster blockchain infrastructure himself. On a night when he worked overtime, Anatoly realized that the passage of time itself could become a data structure, forming ordered transactions and events on the blockchain. He immediately got up and wrote the initial Solana code. This idea was also the key idea that enabled it to run at lightning speed, and later became an important advantage of Solana compared to Bitcoin and Ethereum.

So, in 2016, Anatoly left Qualcomm, where he had worked for 13 years. In 2017, he brought together two former Qualcomm colleagues to found Solana, and Solana was born!

But when Solana was first launched, it was not called Solana. It was a prototype blockchain called Silk. Then in March 2017, the Silk project was renamed Solana. It was named Solana because the idea was born in Solana Beach, a small town located in the north of San Diego, California, where several partners of Solana lived and surfed while working.

Then from 2017 to 2020, Anatoly led Solana's technical infrastructure to gradually improve, making great improvements in improving transaction throughput and network performance, and attracted a certain degree of attention and interest in the community.

However, at the beginning, the team also faced many development difficulties. Because most of the team members had ordinary backgrounds, and they were in a bear market at the time, they were not very optimistic about their entrepreneurial prospects. After the white paper was released in January 2018, they had difficulty in raising funds, and their technical security was considered questionable. Before Binance LaunchPad, only Binance Labs and Coinbase Ventures invested in them, and the total amount was probably less than 1 million US dollars.

Solana started to attract tens to hundreds of millions of dollars in investment in 2019 when the market conditions began to improve. At the same time, the team was also conducting internal testing and technical verification, focusing on preparing for the official launch of the mainnet.

During this phase, the team also actively interacted with the developer community and blockchain enthusiasts to collect feedback and improve its technology and ecosystem. Therefore, in July 2020, Solana's mainnet was officially launched. Subsequently, due to its fast transactions and low handling fees, it made up for the shortcomings of Ethereum and was hailed as the "Ethereum Killer."

Growing dormantly in a bear market

In the two years between the launch of the mainnet in 2020 and 2022, Solana began to flourish and became one of the most popular commodities in the crypto world at the time, and also attracted the attention of SBF, a heavyweight in the circle at the time. At that time, FTX was still one of the largest crypto CEXs in the world. As the founder of FTX, SBF once said: "I am optimistic that Solana will surpass Ethereum and become the next Bitcoin."

FTX once drove its rise. The first rapid development point was in July 2020, when it chose Solana as the preferred blockchain for building DEX Serum. In addition, it helped Solana raise about $300 million to incentivize developers and develop the Solana ecosystem. It can be said that FTX not only invested in Solana, but also invested in many projects built on it, which attracted a large number of users, especially the rapidly growing DeFi and NFT ecosystems.

From the summer of 2020 to the end of 2021, DeFi hit a record high. In addition, in just over a year, the price of SOL soared from 0.51U to 259.9U, an increase of 510 times. Although SOL started at the conceptual stage at the end of the 2017 bull market, it was not launched until the 2020 bull market, resulting in the relatively late participation of primary and secondary participants and a period of being unpopular. This helped it filter out the valuation bubble and become its value.

This is Solana’s first hot cycle. Solana has relied on its own advantages, combined with the prosperity of the market cycle, the support of crypto giants and enterprises to form a Matthew effect, enabling it to successfully complete the leap from 0 to 1.

However, Solana's rapid rise has also been accompanied by some problems, such as decentralizationists accusing it of predatory token economics, high verification requirements, and risk capital allocation, which they believe is not very fair to retail investors. In addition, especially between 2021 and 2022, the Solana network had several outages that put it in serious trouble, which damaged the reputation of the Solana network, which aims to pursue "high performance", and was often criticized by the community.

However, this is nothing compared to the pressure brought by FTX. In 2022, DeFi experienced its first major decline. In November 2022, the collapse of FTX directly brought down Solana. After the collapse of FTX, a large amount of SOL held was liquidated, causing Solana to face asset shrinkage, capital outflow and market selling pressure. SOL plummeted by about 75% in a few days, falling to a minimum of about $10, and the total locked value on the chain fell to about $200 million and continued to maintain.

Source: Coinmarketcap

This dilemma lasted for a year, during which Solana on-chain applications also suffered capital outflows and multiple hacker attacks, including the emptying of more than 8,000 Phantom wallet assets and CEX Mango's loss of up to $116 million. In addition, for most of 2022 to 2023, the entire crypto industry was hit hard, and the advantages of the external market environment faded.

Rather than a blow, the bear market is more like a great opportunity for Solana, especially since the Solana community has been actively working to solve the two major challenges facing the Solana blockchain: network outages and decentralization. Subsequently, a series of upgrades have greatly improved the stability of the network and opened up new areas of development.

In December 2023, the Airdrop story of the Solana ecosystem project brought hope, and the ecosystem began to recover. The locked-in amount increased from about US$300 million to the current nearly US$1 billion in two months.

Source: DeFillama

At that time, there was news online that Solana was not simply led by retail investors, but because Wall Street wanted to restart FTX, and Solana was the largest asset held by FTX. Therefore, promoting the rise of Solana would help increase FTX's valuation and promote restart. Therefore, Solana only began to recover at the end of 2023. The authenticity of the news cannot be confirmed for the time being.

Development Status

But no matter what, the Solana community is full of expectations for this year, and with the improvement of ecological performance, Solana has become one of the mainstays of encryption. Its functions are constantly improving, and ecological applications are also advancing explosively.

According to public data statistics, as of April 28, 2024, an ecosystem has been formed covering eight major areas, including DeFi, tools, infrastructure, NFT, games, wallets, DApp applications, and development. The sub-sectors involved include DEX, derivatives, transaction analysis visualization, borrowing, synthetic assets, stablecoins and nearly 15 other sub-sectors, and this number continues to grow almost every week. In addition, on the original basis, this year it involves the expansion of DePIN, AI and other tracks.

It can be said that in the entire L0/L1/L2 public chain competition, Solana is second only to Ethereum. In all the tracks we can think of, except ZK and L2, Solana has developed very good results. In addition, with its performance advantages, Solana can also undertake some functions that cannot be developed on Ethereum.

Next, let’s take a closer look at some of the thriving sectors in the Solana ecosystem:

1) Memecoin

We all know that the Meme track is an important track in the market this year. In addition, the article "Memecoin: Is Base ready to challenge Solana's throne?" wrote that several waves of Meme's market were brought about by Pepe, BRC20 and Solana ecology.

The rise of Memecoin has also brought a wave of traffic to Solana. From "dogwifhat" to "Bonk" to "Slerf", Memecoin on Solana has also triggered unprecedented hype and excitement. Driven by the surge in internal funds from Airdrops such as Jito, Jupiter, Kamino, Parcl and Tensor, Memecoin's market value reached $1 billion in a week. According to a data report from node service provider syndica, as many as 92% of transactions on Solana's on-chain DEX Raydium previously came from Memecoin.

In the second quarter, when the crypto market was sluggish and most token prices were falling, Memecoin on Solana became a hot spot. Low transaction costs and the emergence of Pump.fun lowered the threshold for issuing tokens, making Solana the most active casino on the chain. Memecoin on Solana also performed better than Memecoin on Ethereum. It can be said that a key factor in Solana becoming the darling of this cycle is its Memecoin activity.

2）DeFi

Solana is currently the fourth largest DeFi ecosystem, with a total TVL of around $5 billion. Its layout covers many sub-tracks, including DEX, derivatives, oracles, insurance, prediction markets, stablecoins, IDO platforms, transactions and liquidity, returns and aggregators, synthetic assets, and lending.

Among them, DEX trading volume continues to grow, Jupiter is Solana’s key liquidity aggregator, providing the widest range of Tokens and the best routes between any Token pairs, and the borrowing and yield protocol Kamino becomes the largest DeFi protocol on Solana. Approximately 63% of the SOL supply was staked as of Q2, Marinade is Solana’s first native liquid staking solution, the leading staking protocol is Jito, and Sanctum LST saw significant market share growth in Q2.

Source: DeFillama (as of August 9, 2024)

3) Web3 Games

Solana has a 400 millisecond block time and lightning-fast confirmation speeds, making it perfect for game developers. Game developers can build games using Javascript and Canvas, Flutter, or use one of the Solana Game SDKs to develop for the two major game engines: UnitySDK and UnrealSDK.

Previously, Stepn, the leading play-to-earn game on Solana, also announced a $30 million airdrop event in April this year.

Additionally, Solana’s The Hunger Games (based on the hit book and film series The Hunger Games) quickly gained over 100,000 followers on Twitter in the first quarter and received over 2 million page views in the first 24 hours, causing its website to crash.

4) Payment Infrastructure

A recent research report from Alliance Bernstein shows that Solana has become the most popular stablecoin transfer network, especially for cross-border payments.

In March of this year, Solana processed approximately $1.4 trillion in stablecoin transfers. According to Artemis’ report, Solana has a dominant market share of 43% in terms of stablecoin transfer value, far exceeding Ethereum.

It can be said that PayFi has already arrived, and the Helio Solana Pay plugin on Shopify has saved Solana Labs more than $1 million in Chapter 2 sales fees compared to traditional payment methods. Now, it has become even more universal: users can pay with their favorite tokens, which can be instantly converted into the merchant’s preferred currency through Jupiter.

As of the second quarter of 2024, Solana’s native payment infrastructure companies include Stripe crypto payments, Solana Pay Shopify plug-in payments, etc. It is worth mentioning that the Solana Pay Shopify plug-in has helped Solana Labs save more than $1 million in fees. It supports USDC payments on Solana, Ethereum, and Polygon.

There are also some other developments including Decaf’s on/offramp launch, Code’s launch on Google Play, Phantom’s integration with Meso for onramp, Brazilian digital bank Nubank’s support for Solana, and XPOS’ integration with Solana.

5)DePin

Solana is a great fit for the DePIN (Decentralized Physical Infrastructure Network) project due to its low transaction costs, high throughput speed, and scalability. It is currently becoming a hub for DePIN applications, hosting cloud computing projects iot.net, wireless network Helium, map Hivemapper, decentralized computing Render, communication Teleport, and storage GenesysGo.

In addition, Solana is also involved in mobile phones. Its first Web3 mobile phone Saga, which was released in May 2023, was sold out in the US market. On January 17, 2024, Solana Mobile plans to launch its second smartphone SAGA CHAPTER 2. The new phone will be equipped with a crypto wallet, customized Android software, and a crypto app store. Compared with the first Solana phone Saga, it may be cheaper, with a pre-order deposit of $450. It is expected to be shipped in the first half of 2025.

In addition, Solana’s remarkable achievements in some fields include:

RWA：Maple Finance

NFT：Magiceden

Hardware & Meme: Sage & Bonk

Inscription: Nos-20 (Neon)

Wallet: Backpack/Atomic Wallet/Exodus/Phantom Wallet

summary

In general, Solana's growth story can be summarized in one sentence: moving forward in twists and turns. According to CoinGecko data, Solana became CoinGecko's most popular blockchain in 2024, which means that Solana's influence in the industry is increasing.

Looking back at the early days of its establishment, Anatoly proposed a new consensus mechanism POH to solve blockchain congestion based on the ideas of the communications industry, and demonstrated strong performance in actual demonstrations. After the project was launched, the top KOLs and partners were able to quickly ignite market sentiment, allowing this public chain project to quickly attract a large number of developers and customers; but on the other hand, the core technology and user experience were not left behind. Although the market has experienced a series of ups and downs, under the pressure of large institutional support, token empowerment and selling pressure deflation in the mid-to-late stage, Solana has instead used technology upgrades to improve stability.

If Ethereum opened up the public chain market with a series of innovations such as smart contracts, then Solana is similar to traditional Web2 companies, such as Google and Microsoft, which mainly enter the market through Dapp to attract users.

Anatoly also said that in order for Solana to dominate, a major breakthrough in the adoption of the next large application on its blockchain will be key to achieving this goal: "I think if we really see a breakthrough of 100 million users on Solana, that will be a great key part. And, I don't know what that experience is like. But for me, if any equivalent like Facebook or NFT is built on Solana, I think that will be the key to how we win." He also expressed the hope that a large number of To C Web3 applications will emerge in the next 7-10 years. It may be a payment application, or something similar to Depin/Helium.

Of course, there are also many criticisms. For example, the current Solana ecosystem is mainly based on Meme, which has a short life cycle and is relatively passive when the tide recedes. Multiple downtime accidents in the past have also affected people's confidence in its technical solutions and community. There are innovations and challenges. Where will Solana go in the future? Let's wait and see.