This article will review five Ethereum upgrades worth paying attention to, some of which are confirmed to go live in the Pectra upgrade, while others will take longer to achieve but have garnered interest from some well-known supporters. This article is based on a piece by Bankless (Ethereum Upgrades to Watch in 2025), compiled and translated by odailynews. (Background: Ethereum 2025 Outlook: Pectra Upgrade, Regulatory Friendly, Tokenization... Can ETH break historical highs?) (Background Supplement: Analyzing the six major reasons for Ethereum's stagnation: unexpected impacts of upgrades, ETF failures, not keeping up with the hype...) In 2024, Ethereum introduced blob space through the Dencun upgrade, making significant progress in a Rollup-centric development direction, helping L2 reduce transaction costs by 10 to 100 times. What Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs) and Ethereum Requests for Comments (ERCs) are worth closely monitoring in 2025? This article will review five Ethereum upgrades worth paying attention to, some of which are confirmed to go live in the Pectra upgrade, while others will take longer to achieve but have garnered interest from some well-known supporters. EIP-3074 One of the most notable improvements in the Pectra upgrade is EIP-3074. Users can combine multiple transactions into one, allowing project teams to sponsor user transactions and pay their Gas fees, while also introducing a method to recover wallets in case users lose their private keys. EIP-3074 introduces new Ethereum opcodes. This system will allow EOA users to authorize smart contracts to perform operations on their behalf in a single transaction while retaining security and control without permanently transferring their private keys. These new opcodes enable the following user-friendly utilities: Transaction batching - combining multiple transactions (such as multiple token transfers) into a single operation. Sponsored transactions - the ability for third parties to pay for transactions, opening new avenues for applications to cover Gas fees for their users. Conditional transactions - complex transaction structures where multiple steps can be linked and executed conditionally, such as transactions that only execute when certain conditions are met without requiring separate transactions for each step. Meta-transactions - the ability to sign transactions that can be submitted by another party, such as signing transactions offline or from other interfaces without needing ETH as Gas. Delegated security - by allowing trusted callers to manage transactions, users can benefit from a higher-level security model, such as models involving multi-signature setups. EIP-3074 is the next significant step in the future development of Ethereum's account model. This serves as a short-term remedy before the rise of ERC-4337, but the improvement in user experience (UX) is substantial. EIP-7251 For validators holding large amounts of ETH, EIP-7251 is undoubtedly a proposal of higher value. It allows validators to receive additional staking rewards beyond the standard stake of 32 ETH. Previously, any staking amount exceeding 32 ETH was idle. If validators wanted to stake additional ETH, they had to set up an entirely new validation node and invest another 32 ETH. However, through EIP-7251, validators can use a single validation node to stake all their held ETH. This improvement is expected to attract large institutions to operate their own validation nodes, further participating in the Ethereum ecosystem. Additionally, this proposal, as part of the Pectra upgrade, may also enhance the execution speed of the Ethereum network through the consolidation of validation nodes. For example, projects like Lido can reduce the number of executing validation nodes and gain rewards on top of the base staking limit of 32 ETH. EIP-7002 As part of the Pectra upgrade, EIP-7002 addresses some significant risk issues in the operation of validation nodes. For instance, if you want to earn rewards for running a validation node but do not want to deal with complex operations, you can delegate this task to a validation node operator and give them the validation key (used for validating and proposing blocks). However, when you want to withdraw ETH, you must use the validation key to sign a 'voluntary exit message' to complete the operation. If the operator deliberately makes it difficult and does not sign this message, or if the validation key is leaked, your ETH could be maliciously withheld or even extorted. EIP-7002 provides a solution that allows stakers to withdraw ETH simply by extracting the key. This improvement eliminates the risk of malicious operators refusing to sign exit messages and reduces the likelihood of ETH being withheld after the validation key is leaked. ERC-7683 Over the past few years, intents have been one of the hot topics in DeFi. ERC-7683 is a token standard designed to directly address cross-chain interoperability issues and define a shared structure for cross-chain intents. This standard 'is like an order ticket that anyone can create, and any resolver can fulfill.' ERC-7683 was first proposed in 2024, co-authored by Uniswap and Across Protocol. ERC-7683 aims to standardize intents, bringing multiple benefits to the Ethereum ecosystem: Unifying Ethereum: establishing a common standard for cross-chain operations across L2 and sidechains, supporting Ethereum's goal as the leading decentralized application platform. Achieving interoperability: standardizing order and settlement interfaces for seamless cross-chain execution. Eliminating fragmentation: providing a common framework to coordinate different systems for smoother cross-chain operations. Enhancing user experience: providing users with simplified, intuitive, and frictionless cross-chain interactions. Increasing liquidity: allowing DApps to access cross-chain shared filling networks, providing deeper liquidity. Accelerating transactions: reducing failure rates and speeding up transaction times by facilitating competition among fillers. Promoting innovation: transforming the cross-chain landscape by fostering collaboration and encouraging innovative solutions on Ethereum. ERC-7841 ERC-7841 is a novel token standard that proposes a low-level message format and API for applications to send messages to other chains or receive messages from other links. ERC-7841 abstracts away chain-specific logic from applications, meaning the same application can be deployed across multiple chains without changing how it sends/receives messages. ERC-7841 serves as a modular foundation, specifying only the information needed to route messages between applications. This allows specific message types (such as bridging or intent message types) to be flexibly built on a single interface rather than each type of message. ERC-7841 is compatible with synchronous messaging protocols (like CIRC) and asynchronous messaging protocols (such as most existing protocols and CIRC). While there are several other EIPs with similar goals, the ongoing discussion surrounding ERC-7841 indicates robust development momentum in the interoperability space. Related Reports What is The Surge: A New Phase of the Ethereum 2.0 Upgrade? Ethereum 'Den...

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